ESL Tips and Quiz Modal Verbs of Probability

Mathematics and its Relation with Music and its Harmonics

Ever since c. 17th century, musical compositions have manipulated the standard aspects of music, which include rhythm and melody. More importantly, many musical compositions have incorporated complex math within, for examples again, melodies and rhythms that create a uniqueness that has yet to be perfectly matched by other composers. One other key aspect of music in general, harmony, is where a fairly complex mathematical formula is involved: the harmonic mean. Because harmony is a major component of music, it is no surprise that this harmonic mean can be applied to nearly all types of music. Basically, a harmonic mean-as it applies to music-~is any possible division between an original note and the octave of that note that produces a different note. With that, there is a sequence in the divisions between a note and its octave that is not very consistent in distance from the original note. One instrument in particular that can demonstrate this type of mean is the vioiin because of th e harmonic tones produced whenever a finger is pressed on a string. At certain points on a string. different notes are produced by the harmonics of the upper and iower naives of the string, which would be examples of harmonic means. The diagram above is of a D-string on a violin from the beginning of the neck where the string first crosses the neck to where the string touches the bridge. The halfway notation marks the most prominent harmonic mean on a violin: the octave. Its harmonic mean is 1/2Show MoreRelatedRelationship Between Math And Music1001 Words   |  5 Pageswondered why music doesn’t get in the way when you do math homework? It’s because the harmonics in math and music go in a geometric pattern and so on, let me simple it down for you in this paper. In paper will discuss about the relationships between math and music, the reasons music is better when doing math, what type of music uses math, and what types of math has the most connection to music. What kinds of relationships does math have to music? The relations between math and music are likeRead MoreThe Effect Of String Function On An Accidental Of A Natural Or A Flat1631 Words   |  7 PagesOne does not need to use words to convey a message. Dots and lines on a page can convey emotion just as well, if not better. Music can fill in the context where words cannot. The simple switch between major to minor, an accidental of a natural or a flat can easily show the motion of a piece. As a cellist for over six years, I wanted to understand the fundamental idea of why notes were audible. I asked myself, why do I press down on certain parts of the strings on a cello to produce certain notesRead More Music Education Improves Academic Performance Essay1629 Words   |  7 PagesMusic Education Improves Academic Performance Music educators have always believed that a child’s cognitive, motivational, and communication skills are more highly developed when exposed to music training. Now, study after study proves that music instruction is essential to children’s overall education because it improves their academic performance. The positive effects of music education are finally being recognized by science, verifying what music teachers have always suspected. Music entersRead MoreThe Noise Of Sound Waves Through Instruments And How The Notes Come Together1377 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Music takes up a large part of our lives, most people listen to it almost every day. It is one of the only medians between People from completely different walks of life, connecting us all through major symphonies or just beautifully simple chords. Though many people enjoy the emotion filled sound that travel to their eardrums, most do not know exactly why. People also do not know why they dislike some musical sounds. I am very curious as to why there are melodies considered good orRead MoreMath and Music: An Introduction and Mathematical Analysis Essay1182 Words   |  5 PagesMath and Music: An Introduction and Mathematical Analysis Rhythm and Frequency To understand the relation between math and music, the primary step is to study the nature of rhythm, frequency and amplitude. Everything around us has its own pattern of rhythm, from the motion of protons and neutrons, to the beats in rock music. Rhythm is determined by the periodicity of vibration of certain object in its surrounding substance, or medium. The vibration is repeated at a constant time lengthRead MorePlato s Theory Of Education Essay2036 Words   |  9 Pagesperson to be guided towards the right desires and would lead to understanding the distinction between forms and appearances with use of the allegory of the cave. He continued his point by explaining how this distinction was prevalent in the study of mathematics, which he considered to be a prerequisite for studying philosophy, and using the knowledge gained to understand complex ideas such as what justice meant. Although this belief also explained how a society was able to achieve one of the four virtuesR ead MoreThe Relationship between Math and Music Essay2505 Words   |  11 PagesINTRODUCTION Mathematics refers to numbers and calculations, often dealing with magnitudes, figures and quantities expressed symbolically. On the other hand, music is an art of sound through the use of harmonies, rhythm and melodies. Although these two subjects are in contrast to each other, as mathematics is often unpopular to most people for its difficulty and music is easily likeable for its pleasantness, experts have uncovered a strong connection between the two topics. The connectionRead MoreThe Connections Between Renaissance Architecture And Cosmology1962 Words   |  8 PagesRenaissance ideas of the relationship of music and cosmology to architecture substantially predate the 15th century and were influential long after it. Discuss. In this essay, I will not only be discussing at the connections between Renaissance architecture and cosmology as well as music, but also the what Renaissance architecture is and how it played a key part in architectural design today. The Renaissance period took place during the early 15th century to early 17th century, the age of LeonardoRead MoreHistorical Aspects Of Ancient China1685 Words   |  7 Pagesprovide a general summary of the hexagram’s meaning†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Even if the divination process selects the same hexagram for varying situations, it does not guarantee that they will all have the same outcome of success or failure. The Yijing is rooted in mathematics; the basis of the hexagrams were inspired by nature, which can be debased to mathematical equations. 2 to the power of 6 equates to the number of hexagrams within the document (64 total). â€Å"Since numbers to the power of 2, together with multipleRead MoreDebussys use of the Fibonacci sequence Essay1403 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Ã¢â‚¬Å"I can count†: Mathematics in Music An Analysis of Debussy’s Nocturne Math has been associated with music for many years, particularly that of the Fibonacci sequence and the Golden Ratio. In Debussy’s Nocturne, composed in 1892, I look into the use of the Fibonacci sequence and the Golden Ratio. Previously it has been noted that composers used the Fibonacci sequence and the Golden Ratio in terms of form, however in my analysis I look into the use of it in terms of notation as well. I will explore

Pet Peeves Free Essays

George stone University 101 Ms. Finch November 6, 2012 â€Å"Individual grievances and pet peeves have got to go by the wayside. Generally, you don’t have to worry about the guys who are playing every day; it’s the guys who are sitting on the bench that are the ones that get needles in their pants. We will write a custom essay sample on Pet Peeves or any similar topic only for you Order Now †Ã¢â‚¬â€œWalt Alston. A pet peeve an opportunity for complaint that is seldom missed; coming into my first semester of college I was uncertain o what to expect from my professors and my classmates. I really didn’t know what kind of professor I’d prefer but I knew what type I didn’t want. I also didn’t want to be late to any classes, or have any missing assignments. One of my biggest pet peeves is teachers who disregard the fact that the student is also a human being and abuse their authority. My seventh grade teacher could have written a book on how to abuse authority and belittle her students. She said from my inability to walk on a line in the hallway to the cafeteria that it would assure my failure in later life. She told me my charisma would only take me so and that if I wanted to be any type o success in life I should drop out and learn a trade. But as we can see I didn’t fail and my future is looking quite bright. But she made me hate teachers like her and made it one of my pet peeves to not avoid teachers like her. I also had a pet peeve about being tardy to class. I had heard that being late to class would rub professors the wrong way, and I wanted to make sure that I developed a good relationship with them from the beginning. I was all ways taught to be sure to make a good first impression at the beginning of the year. For most teachers, once they see you as a bright, kind, polite student, they’ll always see you as a bright, kind, polite student. They’ll let things slide later. I gave the impression that I care about their subject, even if I hated it. I was reasonably attentive, participate, and did the work. So I tried and was successful in my endeavor for about the first 5 weeks which in I hindsight I feel like made my professors see me as an avid student who wanted to learn. My last pet peeve for my first semester in college was not having any missing assignments. So when they assigned stuff I made sure to ask how to do assignments in detail. At first I annoyed them, but they couldn’t do anything about that. If they complained, I simply replied that I wanted to produce the best quality assignment possible. I was successful in having zero missed assignments this semester, which helped me a lot because I didn’t do as well as I wanted to in some classes on exams but because I had completed all my other assignments and turned them in on time I still kept a decent grade. The things were the main things I focused on coming into my freshman year in college. I made sure my pet peeves weren’t going to be a problem by checking them from the start of the school year. I learned a lot of ne things during this first semester that will benefit me in the future in being a great college student. I’m going to continue to focus in on my pet peeves and get the most out of my college experience as a student athlete. How to cite Pet Peeves, Essay examples Pet peeves Free Essays Pet peeves, everyone has them. Some people make their peeves known; others Just grit their teeth and keep their annoyance to themselves. My pet peeves Include my husband talking loudly In public on the phone, people using their phones In public, and the way people care for their kids. We will write a custom essay sample on Pet peeves or any similar topic only for you Order Now These are just a few of my pet peeves that I want to talk about. My husband is one of the worst about talking to loud on his phone in public. One day in particular comes to mind. We were going to walk into a restaurant, and his phone rang. He answered it and began to talk. I started to walk slower, hoping he would do the same. He did not even realize that he was almost yelling. As we were walking into the restaurant he continued to talk and people turn their heads to see who was talking so loudly. I was trying to get him to hurry up, but that was not happening. I could Just see other people around us looking at him wishing he would hang up his phone. He finally finished his call and hung up his phone. This does not happen often, but when It does I try to remind him that he has many pet peeves and his loud talking Is one of mine. It Is possibly my biggest pet peeve. Furthermore, phone etiquette in general is one of my pet peeves. Don’t get me wrong, cell phones are great; I just really wish that someone would write a book on the proper way to use a cell phone. If there ever was such a book the author would be a millionaire instantly. Cell phones exploded on to the scene so fast and furious that many people did not have time to think. It is understandable for people not to understand proper phone etiquette. The ability to talk wirelessly to anyone, and everyone from almost anywhere in the world has been around now for many years. People should know that there is a proper time and place to use a cell phone. I can understand If a call comes Into a person’s phone that Is an emergency. However It Is not an emergency If a friend has Just broke up with their boyfriend or girlfriend. If one Is In a walling room of a doctor’s office, or a public place people do not need to hear about y personal life problems. Be courteous to the ones around and, get up and walk outside to finish the call. I can promise that no one else wants to hear a one-sided conversation. Parents drive me crazy when they allow their children to scream and cry in a public place. I can understand some children have special needs and there is Just no way for a parent to soothe the child. The parent should still get up and take the screaming child outside or to the bathroom. My husband and I were at a restaurant the other day and there was a child crying and screaming at the top f his lungs. The mother just sat there and did nothing to try and soothe the child. We quickly finished our meal and left the restaurant. Parents should try and consider that not everyone cares to hear their child screaming and crying In public places. In conclusion I normally do not say a whole lot about the different things that get on my nerves. I am typically the kind of person that Just goes with the flow. The loud talking on the cell phone, the lack of phone etiquette, and children crying and How to cite Pet peeves, Papers

4 Units Target completion date October 14, 2016 Essay Example For Students

4 Units : Target completion date: October 14, 2016 Essay 4 Units: Target completion date: October 14, 2016 By the End of this guide, I will be able toshow I know the following: 1. Able to recognize parts of the cell, simple cell cycle, and how these all relate to how cells function in our bodies both for good and for not so good (such as cancer as a case study) 2. Able to explain how our actions affect the cells and cell systems in our body, and how they respond to changes (such as exercise and the body) 3. Ability to see systems in plants and animals 4. Understand how cancer can be treated and explore possible options for this By the end of this guide I will have mastered the following new scientific/research skills: 1. Able to effectively use a microscope to obtain a better understanding of cell structures, and use it to collect data to interpret cell cycles and cells in general 2. Able to write a sound lab report using the necessary parts of a scientific paper 3. Able to use various resources to explain cell cycles, and organ systems T he tasks I will have to complete in this guide are: Tasks to Complete What will be done in this part? How is this being used? 1.0Intro: Henriettas cells -Questions to answer and discussion in class introduction 1.1Understanding Cells and Life SMWYK -Figure out a way to learn the different types of cells, parts of the cell and why it is important Learning 1.2 Using the Microscope EffectivelySkills to practice -ability to use a microscope -able to make a wet mount and observe items at low, medium, and high power Practice 1.3 Observing Cells Labusing what you have learned as well as skills -Using the skills learned in 1 and 2 in real life situations, explaining differences between animal and plant cells Evaluated 2.1 Understanding and Observing Cell Cycle (focus: Mitosis) -Able to explain the variousparts of the cell cycle -View under microscope the different stages of mitosis Learning and Evaluation 2.2 Understanding Stem Cells -Learning about stem cells and importance in the future o f medicine Learning 2.3 Whatis Cancer? -Describing cancer and learning about how to treat cancer. Learning 2.4 Cells to Organ Systems -how cells form tissues, then organs, and finally organ systemsreading and worksheet (or SMWYK if you would like) Learning 3.1 Exercise Lab Activity -understanding how changing the environment on a body will affect organ systems Evaluated 3.2 Plant Tissues Activity -learning about plant tissues and systems through questions and lab exercise Learning 3.3 Fish Dissection -learning about systems through completion of a dissection to show how detailed a body really is Learning and Practice 3.4 Cancer Treatment Project -developing a cancer treatment, testing effectiveness, and then presenting your findings Evaluated 4.0 Biology TEST -demonstrate understanding by completing a test of the content learned Evaluated New Terms In this Guide: Cells and Cell Cycle Cancer and Stem Cells Systems and Exercise Plants and others Activity: 1.0 Henriettas CellsObjective of the Activity: Understanding the role research plays in our understanding of health and cells. As well, understanding of historical perspective, as sometimes what we do is not ethically proper in different generations. Reading to be done for the questions below. Discussion of the questions and the reading will take place Introduction:Henrietta Lacks Immortal Cells Medical researchers use laboratory-grown human cells to learn the intricacies of how cells work and test theories about the causes and treatment of diseases. The cell lines they need are immortalthey can grow indefinitely, be frozen for decades, divided into different batches and shared among scientists. In 1951, a scientist at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland, created the first immortal human cell line with a tissue sample taken from a young black woman with cervical cancer. Those cells, calledHeLacells, quickly became invaluable to medical researchthough their donor remained a mystery for decades. In her new book,The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks, journalist RebeccaSkloottracks down the story of the source of the amazingHeLacells, Henrietta Lacks, and documents the cell lines impact on both modern medicine and the Lacks family. You can watch a documentary aboutHeLacells at:http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/the-way-of-all-flesh/ Journalist RebeccaSklootsbook investigates how a poor black tobacco farmer had a groundbreaking impact on modern medicine.The following is an interview with RebeccaSklootby Sarah Zielinski (Smithsonian.com, January 22, 2010) Who was Henrietta Lacks?She was a black tobacco farmer from southern Virginia who got cervical cancer when she was 30. A doctor at Johns Hopkins took a piece of her tumor without telling her and sent it down the hall to scientists there who had been trying to grow tissues in culture for decades without success. No one knows why, but her cells never died. Why are her cells so important?Henriettas cells were the first immortal human cells ever grown in culture. They were essential to developing the polio vaccine. They went up in the first space missions to see what would happen to cells in zero gravity. Many scientific landmarks since then have used her cells, including cloning, gene mapping and in vitro fertilization. There has been a lot of confusion over the years about the source ofHeLacells. Why?When the cells were taken, they were given the code nameHeLa, for the first two letters in Henrietta and Lacks. Today,anonymizingsamples is a very important part of doing research on cells. But that wasnt something doctors worried about much in the 1950s, so they werent terribly careful about her identity. When some members of the press got close to finding Henriettas family, the researcher whod grown the cells made up a pseudonymHelen Laneto throw the media off track. Other pseudonyms, like Helen Larsen, eventually showed up, too. Her real name didnt really leak out into the world until the 1970s. How did you first get interested in this story?I first learned about Henrietta in 1988. I was 16 and a student in a community college biology class. Everybody learns about these cells in basic biology, but what was unique about my situation was that my teacher actually knew Henriettas real name and that she was black. But thats all he knew. The moment I heard about her, I became obsessed: Did she have any kids? What do they think about part of their mother being alive all these years after she died? Years later, when I started being interested in writing, one of the first stories I imagined myself writing was hers. But it wasnt until I went to grad school that I thought about trying to track down her family. How did you win the trust of Henriettas family?Part of it was that I just wouldnt go away and was determined to tell the story. It took almost a year even to convince Henriettas daughter, Deborah, to talk to me. I knew she was desperate to learn about her mother. So when I started doing my own research, Id tell her everything I found. I went down to Clover,Virginia, where Henrietta was raised, and tracked down her cousins, then called Deborah and left these stories about Henrietta on her voice mail. Because part of what I was trying to convey to her was I wasnt hidinganything, thatwe could learn about her mother together. After a year, finally she said, fine, lets do this thing. When did her family find out about Henriettas cells?Twenty-five years after Henrietta died, a scientist discovered that many cell cultures thought to be from other tissue types, including breast and prostate cells, were in factHeLacells. It turned out thatHeLacells could float on dust particles in the air and travel on unwashed hands and contaminate other cultures. It became an enormous controversy. In the midst of that, one group of scientists tracked down Henriettas relatives to take some samples with hopes that they could use the familys DNA to make a map of Henriettas genes so they could tell which cell cultures wereHeLaand which werent, to begin straightening out the contamination problem. So a postdoc called Henriettas husband one day. But he had a third-grade education and didnt even know what a cell was. The way he understood the phone call was: Weve got your wife. Shes alive in a laboratory. Weve been doing research on her for the last 25 years. And now we have to test your kids to see if they have cancer. Which wasnt what the researcher said at all. The scientists didnt know that the family didnt understand. From that point on, though, the family got sucked into this world of research they didnt understand, and the cells, in a sense, took over their lives. How did they do that?This was most true for Henriettas daughter. Deborah never knew her mother; she was an infant when Henrietta died. She had always wanted to know who her mother was but no one ever talked about Henrietta. So when Deborah found out that this part of her mother was still alive she became desperate to understand what that meant: Did it hurt her mother when scientists injected her cells with viruses and toxins? Had scientists cloned her mother? And could those cells help scientists tell her about her mother, like what her favorite color was and if she liked to dance. Deborahs brothers, though, didnt think much about the cells until they found out there was money involved.HeLacells were the first human biological materials ever bought and sold, which helped launch a multi-billion-dollar industry. When Deborahs brothers found out that people were selling vials of their mothers cells, and that the family didnt get any of the resulting money, they got very angry. Henriettas family has lived in poverty most of their lives, and many of them cant afford health insurance. One of her sons was homeless and living on the streets of Baltimore. So the family launched a campaign to get some of what they felt they were owed financially. It consumed their lives in that way. What are the lessons from this book?For scientists, one of the lessons is that there are human beings behind every biological sample used in the laboratory. So much of science today revolves around using human biological tissue of some kind. For scientists, cells are often just like tubes or fruit fliestheyre just inanimate tools that are always there in the lab. The people behind those samples often have their own thoughts and feelings about what should happen to their tissues, but theyre usually left out of the equation. And for the rest of us?The story ofHeLacells and what happened with Henrietta has often been held up as an example of a racist white scientist doing something malicious to a black woman. But thats not accurate. The real story is much more subtle and complicated. What is very true about science is that there are human beings behind it and sometimes even with the best of intentions things go wrong. One of the things I dont want people to take from the story is the idea that tissue culture is bad. So much of medicine today depends on tissue culture. HIV tests, many basic drugs, all of our vaccineswe would have none of that if it wasnt for scientists collecting cells from people and growing them. And the need for these cells is going to get greater, not less. Instead of saying we dont want that to happen, we just need to look at how it can happen in a way that everyone is OK with. Questions to discuss:What is a cell?How do cells divide?How do cells specialize for a specific task?Is there a limit to how many times a cell can divide?What is cancer and how is it relevant to Henrietta Lacks cell lines?Why do scientists need immortal cell lines?Final comments:Information Sheet: CellsWhat are cells?All living things are made of cells. Our bodies are made up of between 10 trillion (1013) and 100 trillion (1014) cells. There are many different kinds of cells in your body, each carrying out an important function, and these cells work together to build organs and tissues that work to keep you alive. A cell is the basic unit of life. Plants and animals are made of eukaryotic cells, which means they contain smaller structures called organelles, including a membrane-bound nucleus. These organelles have special functions that maintain all life processes of the cell including:Intake of nutrientsMovementGrowth Response to stimuliExchange of gasesWaste removalReproductionAltho ugh all cells must perform the tasks that maintain life, not all cells are identical. Some structures and organelles are the same in both plant and animal cells, while others differ between plant and animal cells. Cells within the same organism can also differ in structure and numbers of organelles, depending on the function of the cell. Discovering CellsCells were not observed until microscopes were invented in the mid 1600s. Early scientists used simple light microscopes (like the ones in school) to view cells. These microscopes helped scientists view external structures of cells, but revealed few details about the internal organelles. Advances in technology, such as the development of the electron microscope have allowed biologists to learn detailed information about different cell parts and their functions. The electron microscope can produce images that are 1000x more detailed than the light microscope. The discovery of the cell is an example of how scientific knowledge depends on technology. With the development of improved microscopes, the Cell Theory emerged, with 3 basic principals:All living organisms are made of one or more cellsCells are the basic unit of organization (structure) and function in all organisms. All cells come from pre-existing cells Activity: 1.1 Understanding Cells and Life SMWYKWhat needs to be done: Create a way to learn the various differences and similarities between the types of cells. You are not being evaluated, but need to demonstrate you attempted to learn the concepts. You will be evaluated on these concepts on the end of the guide test. Key Learning to be done here:-difference between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells-difference between plant and animal cells-explain various roles the major organelles play in the cell, create an analogy for body systems or other aspects. Materials or Research needed:-many searchs can provide necessary content here-here is one site that contains most of the information needed: http://www.cellsalive.com/ watch the video about Prokaryotic cells and Eukrayotic cells via the link posted in the Biology module on our D2LNew Terminology To be Acquired here:EukaryoticProkaryoticCell membraneCell wallNucleusNucleolusEndoplasmic reticulumLysosomeMitochondriaRibosomeVacuoleCytoplasmGolgi apparatusCentriolesFinal comments: Be sure to let your teacher know when this is completed and show your teacher how you have learned the material. Ask along the way if you are unclear about content Activity: 1.2 Using the Microscope EffectivelySkills to practiceWhat needs to be done: once you have finished labelling and understanding how to use a microscope as well as how to create a biological drawing (found below), Use some sample slides and a microscope, work to focus and take pictures of what you see. Demonstrate to your teacher you are abl e to use a microscope before moving to the next task. Key Learning to be done here:-able to name the parts of a microscope-able to effectively use a microscope-able to make a biological drawing (both by hand and if using a photo, digital rules apply)Materials or Research needed:Optional Lesson: Using a microscope and making wet mounts for microscopesYOU MUST COMPLETE THIS ACTIVITY BEFORE ATTEMPTING ANY ACTIVITY THAT REQUIRES A MICROSCOPE AND DRAWING. Part A) Labelling Microscope Diagram, Functions, UseGo to the following web site: http://www.wisc-online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=BIO905Click next and complete only the parts of the simulation required to label the microscope. Review the functions of some of the main microscope parts below; refer to this page if needed during the Microscope lab (Activity 3):Ocular Lens (eyepiece)Where you look into the microscope; magnifies the specimen, usually by 10X Body TubeSeparates the ocular lens from the objective lensNosepieceHolds the objective lenses; you can rotate the nosepiece to change the magnificationObjective lenses (low, medium, high)Magnifies the specimen further (typically low=4X, medium=10X, high=40X)Stage ClipsHold the slide containing the specimen in position on the stageDiaphragmAllows light from the lamp to pass through the specimen (amount of light reaching the specimen can be changed)LampSupplies the light passing through the specimenArmHolds the body tube in place and is used to carry the microscopeStageSupports the slide for observationCoarse Adjustment KnobMoves the stage up or down to focus on the specimen (only used with the low and medium power objectives)Fine Adjustment KnobSharpens and image (used with all objective lenses)BaseProvides a stable platform for the microscopeUsing the light microscope:1. Place the microscope on a flat surface. 2. Make sure that the LOW power objective lens is in place. You know which is the low power objective because it is the SHORTEST. Holiday On Mackinaw Island Argumentative Essayii) PULSE PLACE #2: The carotid artery: The carotid artery is vital to your survival because it supplies your face and brain with blood. The best method for finding the carotid artery is to find the nearly 90-degree angle in your mandible (lower jaw). Place your pointer finger and middle finger on your neck directly below the place on the 90-degree angle where the mandible sticks out. Be sure to apply adequate pressure; you will not feel your pulse if you place your fingers lightly on the artery. Procedures:1) The first part of the lab is to record a resting pulse, that is, how many times your heartbeats when you are sitting still. NOTE: you can collect data in a group for this lab, not everyone needs to complete the exercises! 2) Practice finding your pulse in the two places before recording a resting pulse. An important note: never use your thumb to try to find a pulse. When you applypressure to a surface with your thumb, you will feel your own pulse beating rather thananother persons pulse.) 3) Record a resting heartrate for everyone in your group. 4) Now record a resting respiration rate (how many breaths per minute when a person isresting, use rpm for the unit) for each person. 5) Pick an exercise, any exercise. This will be the exercise you do for the rest of the lab. It will have to be able to do both aerobically (something you could continue to do for more than 4 minutes) and anaerobically (would tire and could not continue if done correctly for only 2 min). Both exercises need to be done AFTER resting heart rate have been achieved. Check with your teacher to see that you have chosen acceptable exercise options. 6) After recording the resting heart rate, complete the anaerobic part of the activity (as fast as you can for up to 2 minutes). Immediately upon completing the exercise, record your breathing rate and heart rate (for 10 seconds).Continue to record Heart rate and breathing rate every minute (or every 30 seconds if you can) UNTIL your heart rate returns to resting rate, and your breathing rate returns to normal/rest. NOTE: if you cannot figure out how to measure breathing rate every 30 seconds, take it once a minute. 7) Once the participant has returned to Resting heart rate, Complete procedure 5-6 for AEROBIC exercise for approximately 5 minutes. This is NOT anaerobic! Ensure you take heart rate at the end of your exercise, and every 30 seconds after until your heart rate AND breathing rate returns back to normal/rest 8) Make a graph of heart rate and breathing rate (please put both sets of data on the same graph) versus time after exercise. You will need to design an observation table to report your findings in your report. MAKE SURE YOU INCLUDE HEADINGS, UNITS OF MEASUREMENT AND A DESCRIPTIVE TITLE FOR YOUR OBSERVATIONS. Questions:What happened to your heart rate and breathing rate as you exercised? Do both types of exercise cause the same initial result? Describe using the graph/data. Which form of exercise took the longest to recover? By how much? Use data to support this answer. Based upon the products of both aerobic and anaerobic exercise, what roles do these products have on changing the heart rate?Why did one exercise take longer to recover than the other? Explain in terms of what you know about why breathing/heart rates change. Include systems and transport within your body to answer. Why might a student get hungry following an exercise? Explain in terms of how humans get energy. How are the digestive, respiratory, and circulatory system all related in exercise?Please hand in a FORMAL Lab Report for Evaluation. Marking scheme: See marking scheme for this activityseparate sheet. Roddie Marking Scheme:Activity 12: LABHeart/breathing rate and ExerciseHypothesis checked before doing labProcedure completed: summary of what was done2Signed data1Graphed final dataproper graphing of data4prelab: aero vs anaero: defined2prelab questions completed and accurate3Q1-2: what happened and which recovery longest2Q3-4: Complete answer with proper descriptions4Q5-6: why did they increase, and relating to systems2Communication: Correct Lab format + graph5Total Marks possible25Activity:3.2 Plants and their systemscase study Maple SyrupObjective of the Activity: Understand that plants have systems and tissues much like animals. Any large multicellular organism requires systems and tissues to work together in order to survive and have all the cells survive. Materials or Research needed: Microscope and plant tissue slides, and if doing the carnation part of it, carnations and food colouringFinal comments: NOTEthe carnation aspect is not mandatory Activity 3.2: What about plants?Guiding Questions:Do plants have organ systems? Look up the definition of an organ. How do plants absorb nutrients water? What structures are involved in absorbing and transporting these substances?How do plants produce and move sugars? What is the purpose of the sugars to the plant?What is maple syrup and where does it come from? Information Sheet: Maple SyrupSap FlowSap flow requires cool nights (below freezing) followed by warm days. In central Minnesota, sap typically flows best from mid-March to mid-April although it can flow anytime the trees are dormant from October to late April (Kramer and Kozlowski, 1960). Sap flow stops when the buds expand and the leaves develop (Marvin, 1958). Flow will also stop if the temperature is continuously above or below freezing or if the night temperatures are no longer below freezing (Kramer and Kozlowski, 1960). At night there is little sap flow. As the day warms, sap flow begins. By noon, approximately 60% of the flow has occurred and the flow begins to decline (Kramer, 1983). The temperature of the previous night appears to be one of the most important factors for flow (Marvin, 1958). Physiological Explanation for Sap FlowFirst, lets address a common misconception about sap flow. Since grade school weve learned that the xylem transports water from the roots to the aerial parts of the plant while the phloem transports sugars and other organic materials. Though true, this has lead to the erroneous idea that sucrose-rich maple sap is being removed from the phloem which is wrong. Maple sap that drips out of aspilein the tree comes from the xylem. In fact, this is the only time during the year when the fluid in the xylem is rich in sucrose and is an exception to the wisdom we garnered in grade school. The cause of maple sap flow is complex and our understanding of the process is relatively recent. Sap flow is not related to the normal process (Cohesion-Tension Theory) by which water is transported in stems during the growing season (Kozlowski Pallardy, 1997). According to thecohesion-tension model, water is essentially pulled up through a plant as it evaporates (transpiration) from leaf surfaces. Clearly this cant be important to maple sap flow since: (1) maple trees lack leaves during the time period when sap flows; and (2) the xylem in trees that are transpiring and transporting water is under a negative pressure (or tension), not a positive pressure as is measured in maple stems during sap flow. Sap flow is not related to root pressure. Plantscangenerate sizable root pressures that can play a role in water movement. In some species, like birch (Betulasp.) and grape (Vitissp.), the sap that flows from cuts or wounds in the stem in the spring is a consequence of root pressure. The root pressure increases the stem pressure which results in sap flow. However, root pressureis notresponsible for maple sap flow (Marvin, 1958; Kramer, 1983; Kozlowski Pallardy, 1997). Root pressure is absent in maple trees, even when there is stem pressure (Kozlowski Pallardy, 1997). So, if root pressure and normal water transport mechanisms are not involved, what causes sap flow? The crucial factor is apparently related to the age-old observation that sap flow requires warm days and cool nights. Stems must experience a freeze-thaw cycle for sap flow. When pieces of maple stems are given a source of water and then placed in a freeze-thaw cycle, they exhibit sap flow. During the cold period the stem p ressure decreases and the stem absorbs water (Kozlowski Pallardy, 1997). As the temperature cools, gases in the xylem dissolve and the pressure decreases. This draws water from adjacent cells which, in turn, are refilled by water absorbed from adjacent cells and ultimately from the root. As the temperature continues to drop, water freezes along the inside walls of hollow xylem cells and in the intercellular spaces. Additional ice forms as water vaporizes from surrounding cells, much like the formation of frost on a misty winter morning. When ice formation is complete, the remaining gases in the stem are compressed and locked in ice. As the temperature warms, the ice melts and the ice-compressed gases expand forcing the sap out of the stem (Tyree, 2001). This hypothesis explains why freezing and thawing temperatures are required and why sap flow is always followed by re-absorption of water (Marvin, 1958). However, it doesnt explain why sap flow requires: (1) sucrose in the sap, and (2) living cells. It is possible that both are necessary for cellular respiration that yields carbon dioxide. This gas may be the main component of the gases that undergo thermal expansion and contraction during the freeze-thaw cycle (Marvin, 1958; Kramer, 1983). The sugars in the sap are derived from carbohydrates that accumulated in the stem during the previous season (Kramer and Kozlowski, 1960). These are converted to starch when the weather becomes cool in the autumn. The starch in living ray cells is hydrolyzed to sucrose as the temperature warms in the spring. The sugary sap is then pushed into the xylem (Milburn, 1979). Why maple?Spring sap production is a relatively rare phenomenon, and occurs in the maples (genusAcer) and just a few others. So, w hat it is about maple? According to Dr. Mel Tyree (2001) the distribution of sap and gas in maple stems is the critical factor. Species like sugar maple and butternut (Juglanscinerea) that have air-filled fiber cells and water-filled vessels will exude sap.In contrast, species that do not exude sap, such as willow (Salix), aspen (Populus), elm (Ulmus), ash (Fraxinus) and oak (Quercus), have gas-filled vessels and water-filled fibers. Syrup/Sap From Other SpeciesAs mentioned above, when grapes or birches are pruned in the late spring they will exude sap. This process is not temperature dependent as is the production of sap from maple trees and is due to root pressure. Because of the amount of bleeding that can occur you should avoid pruning grape vines in the late spring. Syrup can be made from birches, and is a commercially important product in some areas. Hickory syrup isa sugarysyrup flavored by an extract of the bark of Shagbark hickory (Caryaovata). The bark is gathered, extract ed, strained and aged. To Do: Label the following diagrams of a typical stem and root. You will need to research the location of xylem and phloem in each.ONScience10, p. 64-65, 73-75. Ask your teacher for a white carnation and some food colouring. Make a fresh cut in the carnation stem and place it in coloured water. (NOTE: this is not a mandatory part of the guide. It is up to you if you choose to do this) After 2 days, record and explain your observations. Take the carnation home and give it to an important adult in your life. Activity:3.3 Fish DissectionObjective of the Activity: Learn skills of dissection with proper tools and procedures, as well as observe the intricate connections between systems and how all operate to allow fish to surviveMaterials or Research needed: Obtain dissection guide, dissection tools and fish from the dispensary. The task at hand: this is a hands on dissection. Take pictures and make a visual photo essay of what you are seeing in the dissection. This is not evaluated, rather it is a chance for you to actually understand and practice the skill of dissection. Final comments: Please ensure you dispose of your fish properly, and clean up the lab fully. Activity:3.4Culminating Cancer ProjectObjective of the Activity: Your teams goal is to determine the effectiveness of various concentrations of herbal extract and its ability to kill fast reproducing cells (simulated cancer cells). This is how many treatment and drug tests begin, a test against a simple cell to see if the potential exists for the new drug to kill cells before testing on more complex cells, such as human cells. CulminatingCancer Treatment ProjectObjective: Your teams goal is to determine the effectiveness of various concentrations of herbal extract and its ability to kill fast reproducing cells (simulated cancer cells). This is how many treatment and drug tests begin, a test against a simple cell to see if the potential exists for the new drug to kill cells before testing on more complex cells, such as human cells. Background:Yeast cells will be simulated cancer cells (eukaryotic, and fast reproducing). Yeast grows well in sugar solution very quickly and effectivelyLiving yeast cells will actively pump out Bromothymol Blue, so living cells will remain colourless or clear, while dead cells will be blue. Serial Dilutions are an easy way to observe and measure either small amounts of substance of figure out a cell count from a stock solution. Vaccines and drug protocols often use very small quantities of a drug to assess effectiveness, so creating serial dilutions is an effective way to create effective small percentagesPrior to beginning your project, please complete:Decide upon a herb/spice to use, and create a series of solution, and bring the herb in for extractionFigure out a way to get a stock concentrated solution of your herbal extract. Learn how to do serial dilutions to calculate percentages (if starting with a stock solution of a certain percentage). Practice observing and counting both alive and dead yeast cells. Complete the pre-lab questions. To Submit: A Formal Report to Westmount Pharmaceuticals, with the following sections in the report:Introduction: a brief introductory paragraph(s) outlining what the objective of the project was and why it is important to consider this report. Should use your pre-lab cancer questions to inform the readers of the report. Procedure:A description of the following methods:List all materials and quantities you needed to complete your studyHow you prepared your different herbal extractsHow you completed the testingHow you were able to measure dataResults: A graph(s) describing your results as well as a summary of what the graph supports (please note: a detailed graph and proper title needed for results)Discussion:This is a special discussion, you are to use your data to either support or refute the use of this herb as a possible chemotherapy treatment for cancer. You should outline why/why not, as well as brief descriptors as to role of chemotherapy drugs in the body. This should be a convincing (1/2 page to full page) writing to the company as to what your found and what you recommend. Appendices with:Rough data signedRough work and procedure outlinedPre-lab questions (see below). PRE-LAB Questions:What is Cancer?Why is cancer a deadly if not treated?According to Cancer.ca, what is the top Cancers for Ontarians?What is chemotherapy? And how does chemotherapy work in terms of treating cancer?What are key side effects of chemotherapy, why do these side-effects happen?What is ethnobotany? Why is ethnobotany important for drug companies? What are the dependent and independent variables here? What are you controlling in this lab?Suggested Solution Preparation: here is one that has been used if you need one to start from:Take a set amount of herb chosen (___g), and grind up into a paste using the Mortar and pestle. You may need to add a small amount of water if needed to ensure full paste is made. Add the paste to an Erlenmeyer Flask, then carefully add 25mL of water to the flask. Swirl and let sit for 10 minutes. This will be your CONCENTRATE or 100% solution. After the 10 minutes, begin making your serial dilutions. You will make a 50% solution, a 10% solution, 1% solution, 0.1%, and a 0.01% solution. Making serial dilutions is easy, all you need to remember is that it should all equal out to 10mL in the end. To dilute by a factor of 10 (going from 100 to 10) requires 1mL of concentrate to 9mL of water. This gives you 10mL of the 10% solution. To make a 1% solution, you take 1mL from the 10% and add 9mL of water. This makes a 1% solution. Making the 0.1% follows a similar format. At the end of your dilution procedure, you will have 6 different solutions. Please ensure they are labeled correctlythen you can add your sugar and yeast suspensions here.

After Going To The Tradeport Website, I Have Decided To Do My Paper On

After going to the Tradeport website, I have decided to do my paper on a US federal government agency. I explored a few of the agencies and decided to choose the US Trade and Development Agency. The US Trade and Development Agency (TDA) is a small independent agency. It is comprised of about forty-one people. The director is Mr. J. Joseph Grandmaison, who was nominated by President Bill Clinton. The TDA with the help of the Trade Promotion Coordinating Committee works with the Department of Commerce, the Export-Import Bank, the Overseas Private Investment Corporation, and other agencies to advance American business interest in other countries. They are primarily involved in the agriculture, energy, environment, health care, information technology manufacturing, mining and mineral development, telecommunications, transportation, and water resources areas. This is the TDA Mission Statement: The U. S. Trade and Development Agency assists in the creation of jobs for Americans by helping U.S. companies pursue overseas business opportunities. Through the funding of feasible studies, orientation visits, specialized training grants, business workshops, and various forms of technical assistance, we enable American businesses to compete for infrastructure and industrial projects in middle-income and developing countries (1). The TDA funds project planning activities which directly influences the decisions related to major industrial projects. In other words, these are projects that represent millions of dollars in US export potential. "TDA works to ensure that the services and products needed for projects will be stamped ?Made in the USA'" (How TDA Operates 1). An example of some of the goods and services are radar for airports in Asia and process controls for refineries in Latin America. The TDA is active in over forty countries throughout the world. Sometimes, however, statutory, and policy restraints either prevent or limit the availability of TDA programs in certain countries. All activities of the TDA are carried out by US firms. The TDA looks at many things before deciding to implement a project. The look at eligibility of the country, the environmental impact, effect on US jobs, need to work with other trade promotion agencies, the relationship with financing institutions, cost sharing and success fees, feasible studies, and definitional missions and desk studies. Definitional Studies are teams of technical specialists contracted to visit a host country for a short time. These teams gather any additional information needed for the project. A Desk Study also involves gathering information for the project, but there is no need to go overseas. TDA also sponsors conferences and reverse trade missions called "orientation visits". Both of theses activities familiarize foreign decision makers with American-made products and services, build business relationships, and encourage US companies to export to developing and middle-income countries (How TDA Works 2). Also in certain regions, the TDA provides trade-related training, which provide the means for host country project personnel to receive technical and managerial support. There are no application fees for TDA services. However, in most feasible study grants, TDA requires that the company share the cost. If the project is implemented, then TDA requires reimbursement for their share of the study cost. " Because of its focused mission, TDA only considers projects that have potential to mature into significant business opportunities for US companies" (TDA Questions & Answers 1). For projects to be considered, they must: 1) Face strong competition from foreign companies 2) Be a development priority of the country where the project will be located 3) have the endorsement of the US Embassy in that area 4) Represent an opportunity for sales of US goods or services 5) Be likely to receive implementation financing, and have a procurement process open to US firms (Questions & Answers 1). To obtain TDA funding one must do a few things. First and foremost, project must meet the above requirements. Next one need to prepare documentation and research that clearly shows how the project meets the above requirements. The information should include a one to two page summary. Be sure to include information about your company, its resources, capabilities, and the personnel. One should also obtain a copy of TDA's "Feasible Study Model Format", which one can get from the website. Follow the instructions carefully and fill in the appropriate information. After all this is done, contact the TDA Country Manager who is responsible for

13 Funny Thanksgiving Quotes to Keep Fights Off the Table

13 Funny Thanksgiving Quotes to Keep Fights Off the Table Thanksgiving is a time for families to get together, share snippets from their lives and enjoy the company of their dear ones. But what if your Thanksgiving becomes a time for family fights, shouting matches, complaints, and one-upping competition? If you have invited guests over for a Thanksgiving dinner, you can help break the ice with some funny words. However, if you crack jokes about a persons gender, color, or nationality, you may offend some people. The best way to keep the mirth flowing is to use funny words of the famous. Use these quotes smartly and you will have a room full of laughter. Enjoy the warmth of the Thanksgiving holiday with a round of humor. Louie Anderson At Thanksgiving, my mom always makes too much food, especially one item, like 700 or 800 pounds of sweet potatoes. Shes got to push it during the meal. Did you get some sweet potatoes? Theres sweet potatoes. Theyre hot. Theres more in the oven, some more in the garage. The rest are at the Johnsons. Berke Breathed, Bloom County Dear Lord, Ive been asked, nay commanded, to thank Thee for the Christmas turkey before us- a turkey which was no doubt a lively, intelligent bird, a social being, capable of actual affection, nuzzling its young with almost human-like compassion. Anyway, its dead and were gonna eat it. Mitch Hedberg I hate turkeys. If you stand in the meat section at the grocery store long enough, you start to get mad at turkeys. Theres turkey ham, turkey bologna, turkey pastrami. Someone needs to tell the turkey, man, just be yourself. Tony Snow If you think Independence Day is Americas defining holiday, think again. Thanksgiving deserves that title, hands-down. Alistair Cooke It has been an unchallengeable American doctrine that cranberry sauce, a pink goo with overtones of sugared tomatoes, is a delectable necessity of the Thanksgiving board and that turkey is uneatable without it. Phyllis Diller It took me three weeks to stuff the turkey. I stuffed it through the beak. Aaron Neville Its a thanksgiving to God. Its something I have wanted to do for a long time, but the record company wasnt ready for it. So I did it myself. Marilu Henner Its better to pace yourself throughout a big day like Thanksgiving by having something healthful for breakfast and something light for lunch. Rita Rudner Most turkeys taste better the day after; my mothers tasted better the day before. Ted Allen My whole problem is that all of my favorite things at Thanksgiving are the starches, and everyone is trying to go low-carb this year, even a green vegetable has carbs in it. David Letterman Thanksgiving is the day when you turn to another family member and say, How long has Mom been drinking like this? My mom, after six Bloody Marys looks at the turkey and goes, Here, kitty, kitty. Jim Gaffigan Thanksgiving. Its like we didnt even try to come up with a tradition. The tradition is, we overeat. Hey, how about at Thanksgiving we just eat a lot? But we do that every day! Oh. What if we eat a lot with people that annoy the hell out of us? David Letterman When I was a kid in Indiana, we thought it would be fun to get a turkey a year ahead of time and feed it and so on for the following Thanksgiving. But by the time Thanksgiving came around, we sort of thought of the turkey as a pet, so we ate the dog. Only kidding. It was the cat.

Would it be conceivable for all nations to agree upon and ratify a Essay

Would it be conceivable for all nations to agree upon and ratify a comprehensive code to govern international trade in the not too distant future Examine all a - Essay Example ed from all countries around the world (with no differentiations suggested) is a quite challenging task; each country within the international community has its own priorities and interests and the satisfaction of all these interests around the world is not feasible. As an example, referring especially to the issue of ethics in businesses worldwide, it has been proved that ‘cultural differences often limit the effectiveness of a uniform international code of ethics because they create a lack of consensus within a profession as to what constitutes acceptable behaviour’ (Vanasco, 1994, 12). In other areas also the development of a text that will be accepted by all participants (referring to the trade transactions globally) is not easy to be achieved. However, intensive efforts have been made by states internationally in order to develop a code of international trade that will be acceptable by all countries around the world (no matter their social, political or cultural cha racteristics). The potential feasibility of the above target is examined in this paper referring to similar efforts made between specific states within the international community. Moreover, the terms of success of these efforts are being examined trying to identify the key elements of applicability of the relevant plans either in the short or the long term. The leaders of states have been proved to have a critical role in the success of these projects; however other criteria, like the position of the countries globally (in political and financial terms) as well as its power to support its policies have been found to have a role in the success of these plans internationally. International trade has many different aspects. Its effects on the economy of each country globally can be significant. For this reason, in the literature and the empirical research the potential chances for success of relevant schemes (based on a code applied internationally) have been extensively examined. In order to

An Action Plan For Student Survival Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

An Action Plan For Student Survival - Essay Example When using these search engines, the information you get will be based on a keyword or phrase. It's vital to choose appropriate words and phrases that relate closely to your research. When doing research on how the expense of college deters student enrollment, the phrase "college costs" would return several appropriate articles. Searching library resources is very similar to an Internet search, but you have databases with a wide range of magazines, newspaper articles, and academic journals available. These sources are often higher quality and have greater academic credibility than typical websites. It's important to consider your source when searching to give your research the integrity that's needed. If a paper is being done on water pollution, information from a peer reviewed journal will be more reliable than information from an anonymous website called "I_hate_chemicals.com". Library resources are the most valuable tools that students have. In the world of Academics, there is nothing more important than honesty and integrity. It goes beyond the obvious incidents of cheating on a test with crib sheets, or writing a halfhearted report based on a condensed version of a book. Integrity requires regular attendance and timely completion of the assignments. It demands that you treat your courses with the level of respect that they deserve. Your college degree will be a voucher to people in the academic world that you have successfully completed the work, can be relied on to be informed, and that you have gained your GPA honestly. A major breach of honesty is plagiarism. Plagiarism is the copying someone else's words, research, or ideas and portraying them as your original work. It is one of the most serious infractions a student can make during their college experience, and can result in punishment that ranges from failing the course to possible expulsion (Plagiarism). Academic researching and reporting is a process of building new ideas on work that has previously been done by others. It depends on the information being accurate and not based on fake data. It is also built on the tradition of giving credit to the original creator of the ideas that we borrow. Almost all research and papers will be built on someone else's previous work and ideas, and it's vital that they receive adequate credit. While an Internet "cut and paste" paper may be the most glaring example of plagiarism, improper citations are the most numerous. Often, this is done because the student does not have the proper information on when and how to give credit. Whether we are using previously published statistics or paraphrasing a unique idea, it's necessary to give proper credit to the original author. This is done with conventional citation formats such as APA and MLA. These associations have manuals that outline not only how to write a proper citation, but also when to cite the original source. Spending time reading these guides and getting familiar with the requirements of academic writing will help insure that the school's policy of plagiarism is not violated and prevent what might otherwise be an innocent transgression of academic honesty. Developing Effective Study

Debate between the Federalists and Anti-Federalists Essay

Debate between the Federalists and Anti-Federalists - Essay Example The formation of the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists seemed inevitable from the inception of the Articles of Confederation. Those that favored the ratification of the Articles’ most comprehensive successor, the Constitution, became known as Federalists and consisted mostly of people who lived in cities or engaged in trade, including large landowners. They were supported by merchants, land spectators, and many southern planters who wanted a strong government capable of handling the problems facing the United States both at home and abroad. Opponents of the Constitution were called Anti-Federalists, and consisted of mostly small farmers, especially those that were in debt, who felt that a strong central government was a threat to liberty and too far removed from the people in its representative structure. The Anti-Federalists were also especially opposed to the lack of a bill of rights and the â€Å"necessary and proper† clause that granted Congress the right to carr y out specifically listed powers. Two centuries removed from the debate, though the United States has continued to evolve and devolve at points in its history, the Anti-Federalist concern has been proven correct, specifically in their argument that â€Å"government would be impersonal, unrepresentative, dominated by men of wealth, and oppressive of the poor and working classes† (Bruns, 1986). Questions of state sovereignty led directly to the Civil War, and the issues of class division has created a disparity of wealth and power that continues to grow with each passing year. The population of the United States has also grown apathetic and cynical, accepting the relative ineffectiveness of the federal government as unchangeable. While the populist position of the Anti-Federalists made it the obvious choice for the majority of Americans, the Federalist leadership through such men as Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and

An Evaluation of Globalisation from Two Perspectives

An Evaluation of Globalisation from Two Perspectives Evaluation of Globalisation from Two Perspectives. As an Emotive Force, in Being Beneficial and a Key to  Future World Economic Development as well as  Being Inevitable and Irreversible. And as a Force that Increases Inequality Within and  Between Nations, Threatens Employment and  Living Standards and Thwarts Social Progress Introduction Globalisation as a word is that utilized in differing contexts within the public lexicon. It is one of â€Å"†¦ the most widely used- and misused – keyword †¦ in recent years, as well as being â€Å", one of the most rarely defined, the most nebulous and misunderstood, as well as the most politically effective †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Beck and Camiller, 2000, p. 19). We tend to think of globalisation is as a modern term, first defined in the Merriam Webster Dictionary in 1944 (University of Pennsylvania, 2005) its historical roots in terms of it being a part of human history can be traced back â€Å"†¦ at least 5,000 years† (Wallerstein et al, 1980, p. 15). Said beginnings, â€Å"†¦ In the fifteenth and early sixteenth century †¦Ã¢â‚¬  is when the â€Å"†¦ European world-economy †¦Ã¢â‚¬  came into existence as â€Å"†¦ a kind of social system the world †¦(had) †¦ really known before and which is the distinctive feature of the modern world-system† (Wallerstein et al, 1980, p. 15). The underpinnings of why Wallerstein et al (1980, p. 15) take this view is that is represented an economic rather than political entity that differed from the â€Å"†¦ empires, city-states and nation-states †¦Ã¢â‚¬  that preceded it. Eisnstadt (1968, P. 41) helps to clarify the preceding by defining empire as a term utilized â€Å"†¦ to designate a political system encompassing wide, relatively high centralized territories †¦Ã¢â‚¬  which consisted of an emperor and â€Å"†¦ central political institutions †¦Ã¢â‚¬  And while empires were a primitive means by which economic domination was conducted, they laid the foundations for globalization through economic flows as represented by trade (Eisenstadt, 1961, pp. 82-107). The preceding has been utilized as an historical guide to the roots of globalisation, which is generally credited as being the individual credited with using it in an economic sense (Tedlow and Abdelal, 2005). Levitt’s definition of globalisation is based upon its applicability to corporations and products and what he termed as ‘homogenized demand’ (Tedlow and Abdelal, 2005). That view, while revolutionary at the time, in hindsight is a narrow conception of the broader concept that we understand globalisation to be in today’s terms. Shariff (2003, pp. 163-178) states that globalisation is the global process representing the homogenising of prices, wages, products, interest rates and profits that relies upon three forces, 1. human migration, 2. international trade, and 3. the swift movement of capital along with the integration of financial markets. Bhaqwati (2005, p. 3) advises that globalisation â€Å"†¦ can mean many things†. He focuses on glo balisation as being economic, constituting the â€Å"†¦ integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, direct foreign investment (by corporations and multinationals), short term capital flows, international flows of workers and †¦. flows of technology †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Bhaqwati, 2005, p. 3). The World Bank, which agrees with Beck and Camiller (2000, p. 19) and states that there is no precise and universally agreed upon definition and, adds that over time it, globalisation, has come to encompass â€Å"†¦ cultural, political and other connotations in addition to the economic† (PREM Economic Policy Group and Development Economics Group, 2005). Their explanation of globalisation tends to focus on the economic side of the ledger, but adds that it, globalisation, is not uniform stating that in the poorer lesser developed countries it is more a case of being excluded from it rather than being impoverished by it (PREM Economic Policy Group and Development Economics Group, 2005). Hirst and Thompson (2001. p. 3) agree with the fact that there are broadly differing contexts attached to globalisation and that in today’s terms it largely means placing economic aspects in the forefront, keeping in mind the cultural, political, and social variables that are intertwin ed. The International Monetary Fund (2000) combines pieces of definitions from the preceding in stating that globalisation represents â€Å"†¦ a historical process †¦Ã¢â‚¬  which is attributable to â€Å"†¦ human innovation and technological progress†, and â€Å"†¦ refers to the increasing integration of economies †¦Ã¢â‚¬  on a global basis â€Å"†¦ particularly through trade and financial flows†. Stiglitz (2003, p. 4) asks the question as to â€Å"Why has globalization – a force that has brought so much good – become so controversial?† Bhaqwati (2005, p. 4) also asks this question as to â€Å"Why are the critics of globalization so agitated?† Hist and Thompson (2001. p. 2) also are quizzical as to this phenomenon. What is it about globalisation that has proponents lined up on one side, and antagonists on the other? This examination shall seek to equate both sides of this highly charged arena, looking at the views that see globalisation as an emotive force, where some see it as a process that is beneficial, representing a key to future global economic development that is not only inevitable, but irreversible as well. And on the other side of the fence there are those that view globalisation with hostility, and believe that is increases inequality between nations as well as within them, threatens employment along with living standards and thwarts soc ial progress. According to Giddens (2006), we are in the second phase of the debate on globalisation. His perspective is that there were discussions regarding the phase and attempting to determine what is was and is while it was unfolding. Giddens (2006) views us as being in the second phase of the debate as globalisation is firmly entrenched in economics, politics, cultural and social areas, as we again attempt to determine what it is, along with its consequences and how it can be properly accommodated. Whether one subscribes to this view is a matter of opinion, but the point is there is a debate on globalisation with one side seeing it as representing benefits to society, and the other as promoting inequalities and other negative connotations. Or, is that actually the case? Could it be that it is parts of globalisation that opponents are against? Could it be that the problem with globalisation is its inequality in that there are the nations gaining from it and distancing themselves from those la gging or being left behind? The questions are almost endless. In seeking to reach a determination, this examination will look at both side of the globalisation issue, offering those facets for and those against it. Ohmae (Ray, 2005) sees globalisation as the liberalisation of individuals, consumers, business corporations as well as regions from the confines of the nation state. He sees the world as representing a global village â€Å"†¦ because wealth will migrate across national borders†. He sees, in commercial terms, as well as in consumer terms that the world is â€Å"†¦ an increasingly borderless economy, a true global marketplace† with political influences seeking to control the process (Ohmae, 1996, p. 8). Yip (1989, p. 29) sees the process of globalisation as a ‘must’ facet that major business corporations have to participate in as a result of almost all products having foreign competitors. This preceding view not only means that a company needs to look at this from its own domestic market and staving off competition, but also from the viewpoint of growth and profits as there are customers to be won in foreign markets as well (Yip, 1989, p. 29). Yip’s corporate focus on globalisation looks at falling trade barriers as governments and regions understand the importance of opening their markets to enable them to enter others in a quid pro quo. The corporate process of globalisation results in increased competition, jobs, better products, innovation and lower prices as the lines between products, goods and services have become increasingly transparent, with consumers as the beneficiaries in the process. The opening up of markets, and the loosening of trade restrictions and borders is a positive contribution of globalisation as it makes the new battlefield one of profits, markets and expansion as opposed to conquest, war and destruction (Held et al, 1999. pp. 32-35). Globalisation’s main engine has been a result of economics, it is money that has underpinned the flow of products, printed materials, the Internet, documentaries and other informational exchanges, along with products, goods and services. The elements of increased trade have brought the need to stabilize currencies in order to permit the corporations within countries to effectively compete on the global stage and is an important underpinning resulting in the formation of the euro in the European Union. The foregoing has brought about a â€Å"†¦ high degree of economic interdependence among today’s economies †¦Ã¢â‚¬  and the preceding reflects â€Å"†¦ the historical evolution of the world’s economic and political order† (Carbaugh, 2006, p. 3). Evidence of the equalization process of globalisation can be found in the example of the United States which was the most dominate economic and political nation after the end of World War II (Carbaugh, 2006, p. 3). This has been referred to as neocolonialism, which represents Imperial powers controlling other societies through economic means on the international stage, which resurfaced after WW II, having similarities to the colonialism periods of the sixteenth through twentieth centuries (Selfa, 2002). The foregoing is driven by economic means as capitalism represents â€Å"†¦ an economic mode †¦ that †¦ operate within an arena larger than †¦ any political entity can totally control †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Wallerstein, 1976, pp. 230). The preceding has provided capitalists, and thus globalisation, with the foundation to pursue consistent â€Å"†¦ economic expansion of the world-system †¦Ã¢â‚¬  which Wallerstein (1976, pp. 230) argues is skewed in its distrib ution of rewards. Globalisation is thus a combination of political aims to strengthen national economies through â€Å"†¦ political power, authority and forms of rule †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Held et al, 1999, p. 32) that aids capitalism, commerce and companies. Globalisation has since evened the playing field as nations, regions and countries have devoted their efforts into strengthening their competitive positions in the commerce arena through regional trading blocks such as the European Union, ASEAN, SAARC, Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries and other organizations evolved â€Å"†¦ the world community into a complicated system based on a growing interdependence among nations† (Carbaugh, 2006, p. 3). China has risen from a developing nation into a world power through its march into capitalism via the innovation of socialist economics, which retains the centralized Party control. Globalisation has aided in the preceding as well as the development of the Chinese military into a sophisticated technologically equipped force (Wortzel, 1994, pp. 168-170). The market reforms of 1978 has enabled the country to harness the commercial potential of its market of 1.3 billion citizens under ‘socialism with Chinese character istics’ which has transformed China from the 32nd largest trading nation in 1978 to second in terms of GDP purchasing power behind the United States (Dellios, 2004). The power of participation in the international flows of globalisation has proven its ability and potential to transform economies and nations as well as the economic balances of power. Globalisation is for most intents and purposes a Western dominated process that is influenced and guided by corporations. In pursuing international markets multinational corporations have opted on a course of standardising their product lines to permit them to make adaptations to reach foreign consumers in the quest for increased market share (Hayler, 2006). Localisation represents the adaptation of products, goods and or services to address the tastes, preferences, cultural â€Å"†¦ and other requirements of a specific target market† (W3C, 2007). A key example of standardisation combined with localisation can be found in portable telephones. Companies need a standardised approach to the production of basic components in a globalised economy for framing, wiring and related components to permit a universal platform of manufacture. With facilities in 15 countries and sales in over 130, Nokia is a prime example of a globalised company (Nokia, 2001). However, individual marke ts require localisation to appeal to consumers in the face of competition, as well as the recognition of preferences, tastes and needs. Nokia innovated the first mobile phone that was designed to provide â€Å"†¦ commands in English, Chinese, Thai, Bahasa for Indonesia and Malaysia, and Spanish for the Philippine market (Hoberg-Petersen et al, 1999). The preceding is an example of the combined utilization of standardisation and localisation required to capture consumers in the competitive globalised marketplace. Nokia’s deft understanding of the variables of the international marketplace represent the application of Porter’s (1998, pp. 59-61) value chain organization, which represents the various activities inside as well as outside a company, equating logistics, operations, marketing and sales, support activities, procurement, technology development, company infrastructure and utilizing the inputs and results from these activities to improve operations by adapti ng and changing where needed to meet the demands of the marketplace. The importance of an international stance in the today’s global economy enables corporations to cope with international competition by leveraging their domestic operations overseas and learns lessons from the unique characteristics of foreign markets to bring back to its own domestic market. The preceding expands the company’s innovation by coming to grips with specialized needs that can translate into new features and approaches that boost sales. Accepting the principle of globalisation is not a luxury that companies can afford to ignore in the face of foreign competition. It is an undeniable facet of competition as any product, goods or services that has a representative market domestically, will be under attack sooner or later by some company or companies seeking to expand. Evidence of the impact of globalisation is shown by the fact that the ratio of exports plus imports as calculated against the global gross domestic product has increased from 16% in 1960 to 40% in 2001 (World Bank, 2002). The forgoing seemingly suggests that localizing products, goods and services from a standardised format to meet the needs of individual markets has proven successful. But, in the larger scheme of things, is globalisation actually helping to increase inequalities between nations and threatening living standards, social progress and employment? As in all questions, there are two sides to every story. The preceding is a highly complex principle to equate as well as measure, as such is dependent upon the relative sophistication of a country’s ability to meet the varied demands of globalisation called for through institutions, infrastructure development, educational systems, professional and skilled worker training and development, access to raw materials, governmental practices and internal policies. It is simple enough to look at examples of inequality, and related factors, however, in the case of Africa and Latin America, they have only recently opened their markets, beginning in the 1980s, as opposed to the United States, Europe and Japan, which were all engaged in the process shortly after World War II (Bardhan, 2006). China adopted market reforms and changed the precepts of socialism to accommodate a process that enabled them to harness their educational, industrial and internal systems and infrastructure to utilize globalisation to reinforce the power of the state. The ir example points to the internal resourcefulness of government to utilize means to transform the way things were done, into what they viewed as needing to be done (Bardhan, 2006). In a free market system inequalities mark the underpinnings of the business process as companies seek lowered costs via which to produce what they are in business for. Such means moving facilities and or processes to those locales that will enable them to maintain quality, but cut costs, and labor, represents the largest cost item. In a report titled â€Å"A Compendium of Inequality† (Martens, 2005) which refers to a United Nations Development Report published in 2005, found that approximately fifty countries, of the total one hundred and seventy-five countries studied, lost ground in terms of their economic standing, GDP and other areas. In order to achieve economic progress, reduce poverty and improve their quality of life, developing countries need increased employment opportunities, improved labor productivity and governmental incentives to attract industry and business as well as to develop them internally. Achievement of the foregoing requires a sustained productivity growth along with increased capacity of the country’s populace in skills and development that will foster the conditions for the attraction of multinational companies and permit the country to compete on the international stage (Little, 2005). Multinational companies bring with them advanced production and management techniques as well as offer increased wages in terms of relative practices thus increasing the standards, thereby attracting the better labor from the available employment pool. The process is slow, yet effective, and the foregoing represent facets used by China, India, Brazil, and the Asian Tigers, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore, that aided these countries in making progress in global commerce. Conclusion Globalisation can trace its roots back over 5,000 years, with the modern application of the term credited to Levitt (Tedlow and Abdelal, 2005). The consistent evolution of globalisation has caused theorists and scholars to define and redefine the term with the understanding that in its present complexities that there is no universally agreed upon definition to adequately describe the process that includes economics, social processes, cultural facets, political considerations and the complex entangled web of interdependent relationships these areas have. In this examination, the term globalisation has been narrowed to focus on its economic and business ramifications in examining whether the process is beneficial, and a key to future world economic development that is inevitable and irreversible, or is it a process that promotes inequality within as well as between nations that threatens employment along with living standards and thwarts social progress. And while globalisation does ha ve its less than desirable effects, it has proven its worth in lowering international borders to increase trade, migration and stabilize currency and capital flows in an era that has seen unprecedented growth in innovation, communications and the seeking of a better understanding of humanity’s needs. The process is not going to disappear or reverse itself as whether we like it or not, the world is driven by economics and the interests of corporations to generate profits on behalf of stockholders, and stakeholders in addition to the vested self interests of governments to protect and foster favorable business conditions for corporations that generate employment and pay taxes to support the political structure. The preceding has been and will continue to be an interdependent relationship that has existed since the Chinese dynasties, through the Egyptian era, as well as the Greek and Roman empires. It is not a question of what direction the world is going in, but one of the direction the world has always been going. Corporations are not going to disappear and our way of life that has been evolving change. Commerce, trade and the migration of people has always been with us, globalisation is just the present form that has manifested itself as have as conquests, exploration and wars in addition to trade and commerce been the former means that mankind has utilized from the beginnings of civilisation. As history has taught us, the more advanced nations use the less advanced to further their ends, with the offshoot of the process that the weaker nations through this association, become stronger and sooner or later establish their own independence and dominance in a never ending cycle of ebbs and flows that has seen shifts in political and economic power. Such was the case with the British empire, the rise of the United States, the emergence of the European Union, the development of regional trading blocks and the ascension of China. This examination has shown that while globalisation does have its inequalities and less than desirable points, it, as in all human endeavours, is an evolutionary process that is still learning from itself. As we progress as a race of peoples, so to does our understanding of our mistakes and the drive to correct them. Institutions such as the United Nations are proof of this evolutionary process. Thus, the faults in globalisation do not lie in its proces s, but in our application of them, which those whom opposed to it aiding in pointing out its shortcomings. As we learn, we listen and reshape ourselves to devise ways to better serve ourselves as well as humankind. The examples presented herein point to the foregoing. Bibliography Bardham, P. (2006) Does Globalization Help or Hurt the World’s Poor. 26 March 2006. Scientific American Beck, U., Camiller, P. (2000) What is Globalization. Polity Press Bhaqwati, J. (2005) In defense of Globalization. Oxford University Press Carbaugh, R. (2006) International Economics. Academic Internet Publishers, Inc. Dellios, R. (2004) The Rise of China as a Global Power. Retrieved on 29 January 2007 from http://www.international-relations.com/CM6-2WB/GlobalChinaWB.htm Eisenstadt, S. (1968) Empires. International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences Eisenstadt, S. (1961) The Causes of Disintegration and Fall of Empires: Sociological and Historical Analysis. Vol. 34. Diogenes Giddens, A. (2006) The Second Globalization Debate. Retrieved on 27 January 2007 from http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/giddens/giddens_index.html Hayler, A. (2006) Standardization is not the answer to the challenge of globalization. Retrieved on 28 January 2007 from http://www.businessintelligence.com/ex/asp/code.145/xe/article.htm Held, D., McGrew, A., Goldblatt, D., Perraton, J. (1999) Global Transformations: Politics, Economics and Culture. Stanford University Press Hirst, P., Thompson, G. (2001) Globalization in Question: The International Economy and the Possibilities of Governance. Polity Press Hoberg-Petersen, T., Stuart, C., Wetstone, R. (1999) Nokia Mobile Phones: A Lesson in International Strategy. Yale School of Management International Monetary Fund (2000) Globalization: Threat or Opportunity. Retrieved on 28 January 2007 from http://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/ib/2000/041200.htm#I Nokia (2001) Nokia Helps Lead IT Industry to Customers with Disabilities. Retrieved on 29 January 2007 from http://www.design.ncsu.edu/cud/projserv_ps/projects/case_studies/nokia.htm Ohmae, K. (1996) End of the Nation State: The Rise of Regional Economies. Touchstone Porter, M. (1998) Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance. Free Press PREM Economic Policy Group and Development Economics Group (2005) Assessing Globalization. Retrieved on 28 January 2007 from http://www1.worldbank.org/economicpolicy/globalization/documents/AssessingGlobalizationP1.pdf Ray, J (2005) Ohmae’s Subversive Definition of Globalization. Retrieved on 18 January 2007 from http://www.heritagetidbits.com/archives/2005/08/ohmaeas_subvers.htm Selfa, L. (2002) A New Colonial Age of Empires? May-June 2002. International Socialist Review Shariff, I. (2003) Global Economic Integration: Prospects and Problems. Vol. 1, Issue 2. International Journal of Development Economics Stigliz, J. (2003) Globalization and its Discontents. W.W. Norton Company Tedlow, R., Addelal, R. (2005) Theodore Levitt’s â€Å"The Globalization of Markets†: An Evaluation After Two Decades. Retrieved on 28 January 2007 from http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/79/07879685/0787968579.pdf University of Pennsylvania (2005) A Very Long-Term View: Globalization Since the Fourteenth Century. Retrieved on 27 January 2007 from http://www.sas.upenn.edu/~dludden/global1.htm W3C (2007) Localizations vs. Internationalization. Retrieved on 28 January 2007 from http://www.w3.org/International/questions/qa-i18n Wallerstein, I. (1976) The Modern World-System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World Economy in the Sixteenth Century. New York Academic Press Wallerstein, I, Tilly, C., Shorter, E. (1980) The Modern World-System I: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century. Academic Press World Bank (2002) Financing the Poorest Countries. Retrieved on 28 January 2007 from http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2002/09/06/000094946_02082404015853/Rendered/INDEX/multi0page.txt Wortzel, L. (1994) China Pursues Great Power Status. Vol. 38, Issue 2. Orbis Yip, G. (1989) Global strategy in a world of nations. Vol. 30. Sloan Management Review

History of Costa Rica :: Culture Cultural History Essays

History of Costa Rica Human habitation can be traced back more than 10,000 years but it appears Costa Rica was sparsely populated and a relative backwater in the pre-Columbian era. There is little sign of major communities and none of the impressive stone architecture that characterized the more advanced civilizations of Mesoamerica to the north and the Andes to the south. When Columbus arrived near Lim ¢Ã‚ ¢n on September 18, 1502 on his third and last voyage to the Americas, there were probably no more than 20,000 indigenous inhabitants They lived in several autonomous tribes, all with distinct cultures and customs. Costa Rica's only major archaeological site is at Guayabo, 30 miles east of San Jos‚‚, where an ancient city, dating back to 1000 B.C. and though to have contained 10,000 people at its peak, is currently being excavated. Many interesting gold, jade and pottery artefacts have been found throughout the region and are on display in several museums in San Jose. The Indians gave Columbus gold and he returned to Europe with reports of a plentiful supply of the yellow metal. But the adventurers who arrived to cash in found only hostile Indians, swamps and disease for their trouble. Several early attempts to colonize the Atlantic coast failed for the same reasons and for almost half a century Costa Rica was passed over while colonization gathered pace in countries to the north and south. In 1562, the Spanish main's administrative center in Guatemala sent Juan Vasquez de Coronado to Costa Rica as governor and Cartago was established as the capital the following year. With no Indian slaves to work the land, the colonists were forced to work the land themselves, scratching out a meagre subsistence by tilling small plots. The impoverished colony grew slowly and was virtually ignored by the Spanish rulers in Guatemala. By the late 18th century, the settlements that would buela had been founded and exports of wheat and tobacco were making economic conditions somewhat better. Central America gained independence from Spain on September 15, 1821. The news reached Costa Rica a month after the event. The question of whether Costa Rica should join newly independent Mexico or join a new confederation of Central American states resulted in a bitter quarrel between the leaders of San Jose and their counterparts in Cartago and Heredia. A brief civil war in 1823 was won by San Jose and Costa Rica joined the confederation.

Perception Errors as Seen in “Twelve Angry Men” Essay

The innocent and the beautiful have no enemy but Time† – William Butler Yeats The movie â€Å"Twelve Angry Men† opens up with a sequence which justifies the above stated quote. The storyline follows the story of two random people chosen as jurors who have been asked to give a verdict on a murder case. The case involves the murder of a father by his teenage son. The verdict can be held legal and valid only if it is unanimous. At the start of the movie, everyone except a gentleman votes as ‘guilty’ for the boy. The gentleman expresses his desire to go over all the facts after which he would make his decision whether the teenager is guilty or not. After several deliberations, re-questioning of the stated facts and witness testimonials, slowly the jurors start changing their verdict from ‘guilty’ to ‘not-guilty’. The story ends with the unanimous verdict in the favor of the teenager. Common Perceptual Distortions: 1. Stereotype or Prototype: One of the jurors has the belief that teenagers growing up in slums tend to be criminals. A generalization on the behalf of the juror is incorrect. . Projection: One of the jurors shares a failing relationship with his own son. This creates an effect wherein he sees the image of his son in the teenager held in the trial. He tries to force his own conscious image onto the teenager and sees him as guilty. 3. Self Fulfilling Prophecy: One of the jurors is timid in nature and hence his opinions are not heard and ignored. 4. Mine is better thinking: One of the jurors thinks that since he is an influential person in his domain, he knows better because of his higher status in society. . Selective Perception: One of the jurors is only interested in finishing the verdict. He has no arguments in favour or against the teenager. 6. Pretending to Know: One of the jurors tries to justify everything by giving the statement ‘know what I mean’, inspite of having no concrete facts supporting his arguments. 7. Unwarranted Assumptions: One of the jurors holds onto the testimony that the murder weapon is unique. Also one more assumption is the thing that the sick man can cover a long distance to the stairs in a few seconds. 8. Attacking other people : One of the jurors starts fighting and shouting at everyone as if that would prove that others are wrong. 9. Halo Effect: The fact that the teenager stays in the slums creates a general impression in one of the jurors’ minds that the teenager is guaranteed a criminal. 10. False Consensus Effect: At the beginning of the session, all but one decide as ‘guilty’ on the verdict. Many of the jurors gave their vote just on the simple reason that others would give the same, and not on their own opinions.

Journey Speech

My baby sister Is now 5, my younger brother now 14, and me, I'm 16,' the scenery and their ages have changed again. With these physical changes it also changes the emotions in the characters. The protagonist doesn't need to force her smiles towards her little sister because she can see and understand how simple her life is and that ‘she has no worries, no regrets. They make it to the end of the block and the protagonist takes both of her siblings and takes them off the street they had been walking and into the world with her as their protection. She is able to do this with no qualms knowing that they wont have to go through the same ordeal that she did and she will always be there for them. Through this physical representation of a virtual journey it shows how a journey can develop through a metaphysical state and not be based on finding a specific destination but instead a safe place. Year of Wonders† focuses on the emotional and moral development, therefore making it a spiritual based Journey. This Is known to the reader as the mall charter, Anna Firth, has no need to continuously travel to perform her journey. Anna is living in a town stricken with the bubonic plague, as they have isolated themselves to prevent the spread. They are unable to call upon others to assist in the treatment of the ill and just use others abilities to ensure the towns survival of the plague.As lives start to be taken by the plague, many of the townspeople believe It is to do with witchcraft. Two characters, Aunt and niece, Me and Nays Goodie, have always been able to help the town with herbal remedies and have been the local midwives, but after their deaths Anna is convinced by Eleanor Employing to assist a women In labor and she 1 OFF many situations which all start to slowly influence her thoughts and change her as a person. She starts to become stronger and not Just be a young widow, who has also lost both her children.She starts to fight for other people in the tow n and help them through hard times. Although she isn't able to do this all unscathed, she is unable to understand Why did He raise us up out of the clay, to acquire good and expedient skills, in such extremity, and then send us back so soon to be dust when we yet had useful years before us? Such in the case as Maggie and George Vicars. Anna makes herself a tincture' from the poppy she had stolen from Eleanor to help with the anguish and she was able to have pleasant dreams.Anna and the town continue to be affected by the plague and many more die, Anna tending many in their deathbeds. Anna and Eleanor also assist Merry. Anna slept well that night, feeling for once that she has accomplished something that has turned out right. After many more deaths and obstacles the plague has stopped affecting the town and the people are told they are no longer quarantined. At this meeting Anna's stepmother Para is hysteric with the loss of her last child, Faith.She was ‘clutching the maggoty remnant of her daughter's corpse. ‘ Implosion, Para and Eleanor enter a embrace, trying to calm and comfort Para, Faith's head comes apart from her body and Para lashes UT and slits Liner's throat and stabs herself, leaving Anna with no family and one of her closest friend's gone as well. Eleanor asked for Anna to look after her husband and through this relationship Anna is able to experience a physical intimacy she has longed for for quite some time.This intimacy is something that has helped Anna start to feel better but it is short lived as she learns that parts of what she thought were true about Eleanor and Michaels relationship were actually lies and is repulsed by him. As Anna is asked to help with the birth of a bastard child from the Bradford Emily, she finds herself haggling with Elizabeth about receiving money to take the child and leave this city.There are many events that influence Anna change as a person but the biggest chance for her is not Just a spiritual one. She makes the move to Venice, with the Bradford child, and settles there missing some aspects of her old town but feeling safe and happy with her two daughters, feeling that she is now at home. Oh, The Places You'll Go! Shows how a person is able to be in control of their own physical and emotional Journey. This is presented to the reader through the narrator stating YOU are the guy who'll decide where to go. ‘