ESL Tips and Quiz Modal Verbs of Probability

Mathematics and its Relation with Music and its Harmonics

Ever since c. 17th century, musical compositions have manipulated the standard aspects of music, which include rhythm and melody. More importantly, many musical compositions have incorporated complex math within, for examples again, melodies and rhythms that create a uniqueness that has yet to be perfectly matched by other composers. One other key aspect of music in general, harmony, is where a fairly complex mathematical formula is involved: the harmonic mean. Because harmony is a major component of music, it is no surprise that this harmonic mean can be applied to nearly all types of music. Basically, a harmonic mean-as it applies to music-~is any possible division between an original note and the octave of that note that produces a different note. With that, there is a sequence in the divisions between a note and its octave that is not very consistent in distance from the original note. One instrument in particular that can demonstrate this type of mean is the vioiin because of th e harmonic tones produced whenever a finger is pressed on a string. At certain points on a string. different notes are produced by the harmonics of the upper and iower naives of the string, which would be examples of harmonic means. The diagram above is of a D-string on a violin from the beginning of the neck where the string first crosses the neck to where the string touches the bridge. The halfway notation marks the most prominent harmonic mean on a violin: the octave. Its harmonic mean is 1/2Show MoreRelatedRelationship Between Math And Music1001 Words   |  5 Pageswondered why music doesn’t get in the way when you do math homework? It’s because the harmonics in math and music go in a geometric pattern and so on, let me simple it down for you in this paper. In paper will discuss about the relationships between math and music, the reasons music is better when doing math, what type of music uses math, and what types of math has the most connection to music. What kinds of relationships does math have to music? The relations between math and music are likeRead MoreThe Effect Of String Function On An Accidental Of A Natural Or A Flat1631 Words   |  7 PagesOne does not need to use words to convey a message. Dots and lines on a page can convey emotion just as well, if not better. Music can fill in the context where words cannot. The simple switch between major to minor, an accidental of a natural or a flat can easily show the motion of a piece. As a cellist for over six years, I wanted to understand the fundamental idea of why notes were audible. I asked myself, why do I press down on certain parts of the strings on a cello to produce certain notesRead More Music Education Improves Academic Performance Essay1629 Words   |  7 PagesMusic Education Improves Academic Performance Music educators have always believed that a child’s cognitive, motivational, and communication skills are more highly developed when exposed to music training. Now, study after study proves that music instruction is essential to children’s overall education because it improves their academic performance. The positive effects of music education are finally being recognized by science, verifying what music teachers have always suspected. Music entersRead MoreThe Noise Of Sound Waves Through Instruments And How The Notes Come Together1377 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Music takes up a large part of our lives, most people listen to it almost every day. It is one of the only medians between People from completely different walks of life, connecting us all through major symphonies or just beautifully simple chords. Though many people enjoy the emotion filled sound that travel to their eardrums, most do not know exactly why. People also do not know why they dislike some musical sounds. I am very curious as to why there are melodies considered good orRead MoreMath and Music: An Introduction and Mathematical Analysis Essay1182 Words   |  5 PagesMath and Music: An Introduction and Mathematical Analysis Rhythm and Frequency To understand the relation between math and music, the primary step is to study the nature of rhythm, frequency and amplitude. Everything around us has its own pattern of rhythm, from the motion of protons and neutrons, to the beats in rock music. Rhythm is determined by the periodicity of vibration of certain object in its surrounding substance, or medium. The vibration is repeated at a constant time lengthRead MorePlato s Theory Of Education Essay2036 Words   |  9 Pagesperson to be guided towards the right desires and would lead to understanding the distinction between forms and appearances with use of the allegory of the cave. He continued his point by explaining how this distinction was prevalent in the study of mathematics, which he considered to be a prerequisite for studying philosophy, and using the knowledge gained to understand complex ideas such as what justice meant. Although this belief also explained how a society was able to achieve one of the four virtuesR ead MoreThe Relationship between Math and Music Essay2505 Words   |  11 PagesINTRODUCTION Mathematics refers to numbers and calculations, often dealing with magnitudes, figures and quantities expressed symbolically. On the other hand, music is an art of sound through the use of harmonies, rhythm and melodies. Although these two subjects are in contrast to each other, as mathematics is often unpopular to most people for its difficulty and music is easily likeable for its pleasantness, experts have uncovered a strong connection between the two topics. The connectionRead MoreThe Connections Between Renaissance Architecture And Cosmology1962 Words   |  8 PagesRenaissance ideas of the relationship of music and cosmology to architecture substantially predate the 15th century and were influential long after it. Discuss. In this essay, I will not only be discussing at the connections between Renaissance architecture and cosmology as well as music, but also the what Renaissance architecture is and how it played a key part in architectural design today. The Renaissance period took place during the early 15th century to early 17th century, the age of LeonardoRead MoreHistorical Aspects Of Ancient China1685 Words   |  7 Pagesprovide a general summary of the hexagram’s meaning†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Even if the divination process selects the same hexagram for varying situations, it does not guarantee that they will all have the same outcome of success or failure. The Yijing is rooted in mathematics; the basis of the hexagrams were inspired by nature, which can be debased to mathematical equations. 2 to the power of 6 equates to the number of hexagrams within the document (64 total). â€Å"Since numbers to the power of 2, together with multipleRead MoreDebussys use of the Fibonacci sequence Essay1403 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Ã¢â‚¬Å"I can count†: Mathematics in Music An Analysis of Debussy’s Nocturne Math has been associated with music for many years, particularly that of the Fibonacci sequence and the Golden Ratio. In Debussy’s Nocturne, composed in 1892, I look into the use of the Fibonacci sequence and the Golden Ratio. Previously it has been noted that composers used the Fibonacci sequence and the Golden Ratio in terms of form, however in my analysis I look into the use of it in terms of notation as well. I will explore

Pet Peeves Free Essays

George stone University 101 Ms. Finch November 6, 2012 â€Å"Individual grievances and pet peeves have got to go by the wayside. Generally, you don’t have to worry about the guys who are playing every day; it’s the guys who are sitting on the bench that are the ones that get needles in their pants. We will write a custom essay sample on Pet Peeves or any similar topic only for you Order Now †Ã¢â‚¬â€œWalt Alston. A pet peeve an opportunity for complaint that is seldom missed; coming into my first semester of college I was uncertain o what to expect from my professors and my classmates. I really didn’t know what kind of professor I’d prefer but I knew what type I didn’t want. I also didn’t want to be late to any classes, or have any missing assignments. One of my biggest pet peeves is teachers who disregard the fact that the student is also a human being and abuse their authority. My seventh grade teacher could have written a book on how to abuse authority and belittle her students. She said from my inability to walk on a line in the hallway to the cafeteria that it would assure my failure in later life. She told me my charisma would only take me so and that if I wanted to be any type o success in life I should drop out and learn a trade. But as we can see I didn’t fail and my future is looking quite bright. But she made me hate teachers like her and made it one of my pet peeves to not avoid teachers like her. I also had a pet peeve about being tardy to class. I had heard that being late to class would rub professors the wrong way, and I wanted to make sure that I developed a good relationship with them from the beginning. I was all ways taught to be sure to make a good first impression at the beginning of the year. For most teachers, once they see you as a bright, kind, polite student, they’ll always see you as a bright, kind, polite student. They’ll let things slide later. I gave the impression that I care about their subject, even if I hated it. I was reasonably attentive, participate, and did the work. So I tried and was successful in my endeavor for about the first 5 weeks which in I hindsight I feel like made my professors see me as an avid student who wanted to learn. My last pet peeve for my first semester in college was not having any missing assignments. So when they assigned stuff I made sure to ask how to do assignments in detail. At first I annoyed them, but they couldn’t do anything about that. If they complained, I simply replied that I wanted to produce the best quality assignment possible. I was successful in having zero missed assignments this semester, which helped me a lot because I didn’t do as well as I wanted to in some classes on exams but because I had completed all my other assignments and turned them in on time I still kept a decent grade. The things were the main things I focused on coming into my freshman year in college. I made sure my pet peeves weren’t going to be a problem by checking them from the start of the school year. I learned a lot of ne things during this first semester that will benefit me in the future in being a great college student. I’m going to continue to focus in on my pet peeves and get the most out of my college experience as a student athlete. How to cite Pet Peeves, Essay examples Pet peeves Free Essays Pet peeves, everyone has them. Some people make their peeves known; others Just grit their teeth and keep their annoyance to themselves. My pet peeves Include my husband talking loudly In public on the phone, people using their phones In public, and the way people care for their kids. We will write a custom essay sample on Pet peeves or any similar topic only for you Order Now These are just a few of my pet peeves that I want to talk about. My husband is one of the worst about talking to loud on his phone in public. One day in particular comes to mind. We were going to walk into a restaurant, and his phone rang. He answered it and began to talk. I started to walk slower, hoping he would do the same. He did not even realize that he was almost yelling. As we were walking into the restaurant he continued to talk and people turn their heads to see who was talking so loudly. I was trying to get him to hurry up, but that was not happening. I could Just see other people around us looking at him wishing he would hang up his phone. He finally finished his call and hung up his phone. This does not happen often, but when It does I try to remind him that he has many pet peeves and his loud talking Is one of mine. It Is possibly my biggest pet peeve. Furthermore, phone etiquette in general is one of my pet peeves. Don’t get me wrong, cell phones are great; I just really wish that someone would write a book on the proper way to use a cell phone. If there ever was such a book the author would be a millionaire instantly. Cell phones exploded on to the scene so fast and furious that many people did not have time to think. It is understandable for people not to understand proper phone etiquette. The ability to talk wirelessly to anyone, and everyone from almost anywhere in the world has been around now for many years. People should know that there is a proper time and place to use a cell phone. I can understand If a call comes Into a person’s phone that Is an emergency. However It Is not an emergency If a friend has Just broke up with their boyfriend or girlfriend. If one Is In a walling room of a doctor’s office, or a public place people do not need to hear about y personal life problems. Be courteous to the ones around and, get up and walk outside to finish the call. I can promise that no one else wants to hear a one-sided conversation. Parents drive me crazy when they allow their children to scream and cry in a public place. I can understand some children have special needs and there is Just no way for a parent to soothe the child. The parent should still get up and take the screaming child outside or to the bathroom. My husband and I were at a restaurant the other day and there was a child crying and screaming at the top f his lungs. The mother just sat there and did nothing to try and soothe the child. We quickly finished our meal and left the restaurant. Parents should try and consider that not everyone cares to hear their child screaming and crying In public places. In conclusion I normally do not say a whole lot about the different things that get on my nerves. I am typically the kind of person that Just goes with the flow. The loud talking on the cell phone, the lack of phone etiquette, and children crying and How to cite Pet peeves, Papers

4 Units Target completion date October 14, 2016 Essay Example For Students

4 Units : Target completion date: October 14, 2016 Essay 4 Units: Target completion date: October 14, 2016 By the End of this guide, I will be able toshow I know the following: 1. Able to recognize parts of the cell, simple cell cycle, and how these all relate to how cells function in our bodies both for good and for not so good (such as cancer as a case study) 2. Able to explain how our actions affect the cells and cell systems in our body, and how they respond to changes (such as exercise and the body) 3. Ability to see systems in plants and animals 4. Understand how cancer can be treated and explore possible options for this By the end of this guide I will have mastered the following new scientific/research skills: 1. Able to effectively use a microscope to obtain a better understanding of cell structures, and use it to collect data to interpret cell cycles and cells in general 2. Able to write a sound lab report using the necessary parts of a scientific paper 3. Able to use various resources to explain cell cycles, and organ systems T he tasks I will have to complete in this guide are: Tasks to Complete What will be done in this part? How is this being used? 1.0Intro: Henriettas cells -Questions to answer and discussion in class introduction 1.1Understanding Cells and Life SMWYK -Figure out a way to learn the different types of cells, parts of the cell and why it is important Learning 1.2 Using the Microscope EffectivelySkills to practice -ability to use a microscope -able to make a wet mount and observe items at low, medium, and high power Practice 1.3 Observing Cells Labusing what you have learned as well as skills -Using the skills learned in 1 and 2 in real life situations, explaining differences between animal and plant cells Evaluated 2.1 Understanding and Observing Cell Cycle (focus: Mitosis) -Able to explain the variousparts of the cell cycle -View under microscope the different stages of mitosis Learning and Evaluation 2.2 Understanding Stem Cells -Learning about stem cells and importance in the future o f medicine Learning 2.3 Whatis Cancer? -Describing cancer and learning about how to treat cancer. Learning 2.4 Cells to Organ Systems -how cells form tissues, then organs, and finally organ systemsreading and worksheet (or SMWYK if you would like) Learning 3.1 Exercise Lab Activity -understanding how changing the environment on a body will affect organ systems Evaluated 3.2 Plant Tissues Activity -learning about plant tissues and systems through questions and lab exercise Learning 3.3 Fish Dissection -learning about systems through completion of a dissection to show how detailed a body really is Learning and Practice 3.4 Cancer Treatment Project -developing a cancer treatment, testing effectiveness, and then presenting your findings Evaluated 4.0 Biology TEST -demonstrate understanding by completing a test of the content learned Evaluated New Terms In this Guide: Cells and Cell Cycle Cancer and Stem Cells Systems and Exercise Plants and others Activity: 1.0 Henriettas CellsObjective of the Activity: Understanding the role research plays in our understanding of health and cells. As well, understanding of historical perspective, as sometimes what we do is not ethically proper in different generations. Reading to be done for the questions below. Discussion of the questions and the reading will take place Introduction:Henrietta Lacks Immortal Cells Medical researchers use laboratory-grown human cells to learn the intricacies of how cells work and test theories about the causes and treatment of diseases. The cell lines they need are immortalthey can grow indefinitely, be frozen for decades, divided into different batches and shared among scientists. In 1951, a scientist at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland, created the first immortal human cell line with a tissue sample taken from a young black woman with cervical cancer. Those cells, calledHeLacells, quickly became invaluable to medical researchthough their donor remained a mystery for decades. In her new book,The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks, journalist RebeccaSkloottracks down the story of the source of the amazingHeLacells, Henrietta Lacks, and documents the cell lines impact on both modern medicine and the Lacks family. You can watch a documentary aboutHeLacells at:http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/the-way-of-all-flesh/ Journalist RebeccaSklootsbook investigates how a poor black tobacco farmer had a groundbreaking impact on modern medicine.The following is an interview with RebeccaSklootby Sarah Zielinski (Smithsonian.com, January 22, 2010) Who was Henrietta Lacks?She was a black tobacco farmer from southern Virginia who got cervical cancer when she was 30. A doctor at Johns Hopkins took a piece of her tumor without telling her and sent it down the hall to scientists there who had been trying to grow tissues in culture for decades without success. No one knows why, but her cells never died. Why are her cells so important?Henriettas cells were the first immortal human cells ever grown in culture. They were essential to developing the polio vaccine. They went up in the first space missions to see what would happen to cells in zero gravity. Many scientific landmarks since then have used her cells, including cloning, gene mapping and in vitro fertilization. There has been a lot of confusion over the years about the source ofHeLacells. Why?When the cells were taken, they were given the code nameHeLa, for the first two letters in Henrietta and Lacks. Today,anonymizingsamples is a very important part of doing research on cells. But that wasnt something doctors worried about much in the 1950s, so they werent terribly careful about her identity. When some members of the press got close to finding Henriettas family, the researcher whod grown the cells made up a pseudonymHelen Laneto throw the media off track. Other pseudonyms, like Helen Larsen, eventually showed up, too. Her real name didnt really leak out into the world until the 1970s. How did you first get interested in this story?I first learned about Henrietta in 1988. I was 16 and a student in a community college biology class. Everybody learns about these cells in basic biology, but what was unique about my situation was that my teacher actually knew Henriettas real name and that she was black. But thats all he knew. The moment I heard about her, I became obsessed: Did she have any kids? What do they think about part of their mother being alive all these years after she died? Years later, when I started being interested in writing, one of the first stories I imagined myself writing was hers. But it wasnt until I went to grad school that I thought about trying to track down her family. How did you win the trust of Henriettas family?Part of it was that I just wouldnt go away and was determined to tell the story. It took almost a year even to convince Henriettas daughter, Deborah, to talk to me. I knew she was desperate to learn about her mother. So when I started doing my own research, Id tell her everything I found. I went down to Clover,Virginia, where Henrietta was raised, and tracked down her cousins, then called Deborah and left these stories about Henrietta on her voice mail. Because part of what I was trying to convey to her was I wasnt hidinganything, thatwe could learn about her mother together. After a year, finally she said, fine, lets do this thing. When did her family find out about Henriettas cells?Twenty-five years after Henrietta died, a scientist discovered that many cell cultures thought to be from other tissue types, including breast and prostate cells, were in factHeLacells. It turned out thatHeLacells could float on dust particles in the air and travel on unwashed hands and contaminate other cultures. It became an enormous controversy. In the midst of that, one group of scientists tracked down Henriettas relatives to take some samples with hopes that they could use the familys DNA to make a map of Henriettas genes so they could tell which cell cultures wereHeLaand which werent, to begin straightening out the contamination problem. So a postdoc called Henriettas husband one day. But he had a third-grade education and didnt even know what a cell was. The way he understood the phone call was: Weve got your wife. Shes alive in a laboratory. Weve been doing research on her for the last 25 years. And now we have to test your kids to see if they have cancer. Which wasnt what the researcher said at all. The scientists didnt know that the family didnt understand. From that point on, though, the family got sucked into this world of research they didnt understand, and the cells, in a sense, took over their lives. How did they do that?This was most true for Henriettas daughter. Deborah never knew her mother; she was an infant when Henrietta died. She had always wanted to know who her mother was but no one ever talked about Henrietta. So when Deborah found out that this part of her mother was still alive she became desperate to understand what that meant: Did it hurt her mother when scientists injected her cells with viruses and toxins? Had scientists cloned her mother? And could those cells help scientists tell her about her mother, like what her favorite color was and if she liked to dance. Deborahs brothers, though, didnt think much about the cells until they found out there was money involved.HeLacells were the first human biological materials ever bought and sold, which helped launch a multi-billion-dollar industry. When Deborahs brothers found out that people were selling vials of their mothers cells, and that the family didnt get any of the resulting money, they got very angry. Henriettas family has lived in poverty most of their lives, and many of them cant afford health insurance. One of her sons was homeless and living on the streets of Baltimore. So the family launched a campaign to get some of what they felt they were owed financially. It consumed their lives in that way. What are the lessons from this book?For scientists, one of the lessons is that there are human beings behind every biological sample used in the laboratory. So much of science today revolves around using human biological tissue of some kind. For scientists, cells are often just like tubes or fruit fliestheyre just inanimate tools that are always there in the lab. The people behind those samples often have their own thoughts and feelings about what should happen to their tissues, but theyre usually left out of the equation. And for the rest of us?The story ofHeLacells and what happened with Henrietta has often been held up as an example of a racist white scientist doing something malicious to a black woman. But thats not accurate. The real story is much more subtle and complicated. What is very true about science is that there are human beings behind it and sometimes even with the best of intentions things go wrong. One of the things I dont want people to take from the story is the idea that tissue culture is bad. So much of medicine today depends on tissue culture. HIV tests, many basic drugs, all of our vaccineswe would have none of that if it wasnt for scientists collecting cells from people and growing them. And the need for these cells is going to get greater, not less. Instead of saying we dont want that to happen, we just need to look at how it can happen in a way that everyone is OK with. Questions to discuss:What is a cell?How do cells divide?How do cells specialize for a specific task?Is there a limit to how many times a cell can divide?What is cancer and how is it relevant to Henrietta Lacks cell lines?Why do scientists need immortal cell lines?Final comments:Information Sheet: CellsWhat are cells?All living things are made of cells. Our bodies are made up of between 10 trillion (1013) and 100 trillion (1014) cells. There are many different kinds of cells in your body, each carrying out an important function, and these cells work together to build organs and tissues that work to keep you alive. A cell is the basic unit of life. Plants and animals are made of eukaryotic cells, which means they contain smaller structures called organelles, including a membrane-bound nucleus. These organelles have special functions that maintain all life processes of the cell including:Intake of nutrientsMovementGrowth Response to stimuliExchange of gasesWaste removalReproductionAltho ugh all cells must perform the tasks that maintain life, not all cells are identical. Some structures and organelles are the same in both plant and animal cells, while others differ between plant and animal cells. Cells within the same organism can also differ in structure and numbers of organelles, depending on the function of the cell. Discovering CellsCells were not observed until microscopes were invented in the mid 1600s. Early scientists used simple light microscopes (like the ones in school) to view cells. These microscopes helped scientists view external structures of cells, but revealed few details about the internal organelles. Advances in technology, such as the development of the electron microscope have allowed biologists to learn detailed information about different cell parts and their functions. The electron microscope can produce images that are 1000x more detailed than the light microscope. The discovery of the cell is an example of how scientific knowledge depends on technology. With the development of improved microscopes, the Cell Theory emerged, with 3 basic principals:All living organisms are made of one or more cellsCells are the basic unit of organization (structure) and function in all organisms. All cells come from pre-existing cells Activity: 1.1 Understanding Cells and Life SMWYKWhat needs to be done: Create a way to learn the various differences and similarities between the types of cells. You are not being evaluated, but need to demonstrate you attempted to learn the concepts. You will be evaluated on these concepts on the end of the guide test. Key Learning to be done here:-difference between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells-difference between plant and animal cells-explain various roles the major organelles play in the cell, create an analogy for body systems or other aspects. Materials or Research needed:-many searchs can provide necessary content here-here is one site that contains most of the information needed: http://www.cellsalive.com/ watch the video about Prokaryotic cells and Eukrayotic cells via the link posted in the Biology module on our D2LNew Terminology To be Acquired here:EukaryoticProkaryoticCell membraneCell wallNucleusNucleolusEndoplasmic reticulumLysosomeMitochondriaRibosomeVacuoleCytoplasmGolgi apparatusCentriolesFinal comments: Be sure to let your teacher know when this is completed and show your teacher how you have learned the material. Ask along the way if you are unclear about content Activity: 1.2 Using the Microscope EffectivelySkills to practiceWhat needs to be done: once you have finished labelling and understanding how to use a microscope as well as how to create a biological drawing (found below), Use some sample slides and a microscope, work to focus and take pictures of what you see. Demonstrate to your teacher you are abl e to use a microscope before moving to the next task. Key Learning to be done here:-able to name the parts of a microscope-able to effectively use a microscope-able to make a biological drawing (both by hand and if using a photo, digital rules apply)Materials or Research needed:Optional Lesson: Using a microscope and making wet mounts for microscopesYOU MUST COMPLETE THIS ACTIVITY BEFORE ATTEMPTING ANY ACTIVITY THAT REQUIRES A MICROSCOPE AND DRAWING. Part A) Labelling Microscope Diagram, Functions, UseGo to the following web site: http://www.wisc-online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=BIO905Click next and complete only the parts of the simulation required to label the microscope. Review the functions of some of the main microscope parts below; refer to this page if needed during the Microscope lab (Activity 3):Ocular Lens (eyepiece)Where you look into the microscope; magnifies the specimen, usually by 10X Body TubeSeparates the ocular lens from the objective lensNosepieceHolds the objective lenses; you can rotate the nosepiece to change the magnificationObjective lenses (low, medium, high)Magnifies the specimen further (typically low=4X, medium=10X, high=40X)Stage ClipsHold the slide containing the specimen in position on the stageDiaphragmAllows light from the lamp to pass through the specimen (amount of light reaching the specimen can be changed)LampSupplies the light passing through the specimenArmHolds the body tube in place and is used to carry the microscopeStageSupports the slide for observationCoarse Adjustment KnobMoves the stage up or down to focus on the specimen (only used with the low and medium power objectives)Fine Adjustment KnobSharpens and image (used with all objective lenses)BaseProvides a stable platform for the microscopeUsing the light microscope:1. Place the microscope on a flat surface. 2. Make sure that the LOW power objective lens is in place. You know which is the low power objective because it is the SHORTEST. Holiday On Mackinaw Island Argumentative Essayii) PULSE PLACE #2: The carotid artery: The carotid artery is vital to your survival because it supplies your face and brain with blood. The best method for finding the carotid artery is to find the nearly 90-degree angle in your mandible (lower jaw). Place your pointer finger and middle finger on your neck directly below the place on the 90-degree angle where the mandible sticks out. Be sure to apply adequate pressure; you will not feel your pulse if you place your fingers lightly on the artery. Procedures:1) The first part of the lab is to record a resting pulse, that is, how many times your heartbeats when you are sitting still. NOTE: you can collect data in a group for this lab, not everyone needs to complete the exercises! 2) Practice finding your pulse in the two places before recording a resting pulse. An important note: never use your thumb to try to find a pulse. When you applypressure to a surface with your thumb, you will feel your own pulse beating rather thananother persons pulse.) 3) Record a resting heartrate for everyone in your group. 4) Now record a resting respiration rate (how many breaths per minute when a person isresting, use rpm for the unit) for each person. 5) Pick an exercise, any exercise. This will be the exercise you do for the rest of the lab. It will have to be able to do both aerobically (something you could continue to do for more than 4 minutes) and anaerobically (would tire and could not continue if done correctly for only 2 min). Both exercises need to be done AFTER resting heart rate have been achieved. Check with your teacher to see that you have chosen acceptable exercise options. 6) After recording the resting heart rate, complete the anaerobic part of the activity (as fast as you can for up to 2 minutes). Immediately upon completing the exercise, record your breathing rate and heart rate (for 10 seconds).Continue to record Heart rate and breathing rate every minute (or every 30 seconds if you can) UNTIL your heart rate returns to resting rate, and your breathing rate returns to normal/rest. NOTE: if you cannot figure out how to measure breathing rate every 30 seconds, take it once a minute. 7) Once the participant has returned to Resting heart rate, Complete procedure 5-6 for AEROBIC exercise for approximately 5 minutes. This is NOT anaerobic! Ensure you take heart rate at the end of your exercise, and every 30 seconds after until your heart rate AND breathing rate returns back to normal/rest 8) Make a graph of heart rate and breathing rate (please put both sets of data on the same graph) versus time after exercise. You will need to design an observation table to report your findings in your report. MAKE SURE YOU INCLUDE HEADINGS, UNITS OF MEASUREMENT AND A DESCRIPTIVE TITLE FOR YOUR OBSERVATIONS. Questions:What happened to your heart rate and breathing rate as you exercised? Do both types of exercise cause the same initial result? Describe using the graph/data. Which form of exercise took the longest to recover? By how much? Use data to support this answer. Based upon the products of both aerobic and anaerobic exercise, what roles do these products have on changing the heart rate?Why did one exercise take longer to recover than the other? Explain in terms of what you know about why breathing/heart rates change. Include systems and transport within your body to answer. Why might a student get hungry following an exercise? Explain in terms of how humans get energy. How are the digestive, respiratory, and circulatory system all related in exercise?Please hand in a FORMAL Lab Report for Evaluation. Marking scheme: See marking scheme for this activityseparate sheet. Roddie Marking Scheme:Activity 12: LABHeart/breathing rate and ExerciseHypothesis checked before doing labProcedure completed: summary of what was done2Signed data1Graphed final dataproper graphing of data4prelab: aero vs anaero: defined2prelab questions completed and accurate3Q1-2: what happened and which recovery longest2Q3-4: Complete answer with proper descriptions4Q5-6: why did they increase, and relating to systems2Communication: Correct Lab format + graph5Total Marks possible25Activity:3.2 Plants and their systemscase study Maple SyrupObjective of the Activity: Understand that plants have systems and tissues much like animals. Any large multicellular organism requires systems and tissues to work together in order to survive and have all the cells survive. Materials or Research needed: Microscope and plant tissue slides, and if doing the carnation part of it, carnations and food colouringFinal comments: NOTEthe carnation aspect is not mandatory Activity 3.2: What about plants?Guiding Questions:Do plants have organ systems? Look up the definition of an organ. How do plants absorb nutrients water? What structures are involved in absorbing and transporting these substances?How do plants produce and move sugars? What is the purpose of the sugars to the plant?What is maple syrup and where does it come from? Information Sheet: Maple SyrupSap FlowSap flow requires cool nights (below freezing) followed by warm days. In central Minnesota, sap typically flows best from mid-March to mid-April although it can flow anytime the trees are dormant from October to late April (Kramer and Kozlowski, 1960). Sap flow stops when the buds expand and the leaves develop (Marvin, 1958). Flow will also stop if the temperature is continuously above or below freezing or if the night temperatures are no longer below freezing (Kramer and Kozlowski, 1960). At night there is little sap flow. As the day warms, sap flow begins. By noon, approximately 60% of the flow has occurred and the flow begins to decline (Kramer, 1983). The temperature of the previous night appears to be one of the most important factors for flow (Marvin, 1958). Physiological Explanation for Sap FlowFirst, lets address a common misconception about sap flow. Since grade school weve learned that the xylem transports water from the roots to the aerial parts of the plant while the phloem transports sugars and other organic materials. Though true, this has lead to the erroneous idea that sucrose-rich maple sap is being removed from the phloem which is wrong. Maple sap that drips out of aspilein the tree comes from the xylem. In fact, this is the only time during the year when the fluid in the xylem is rich in sucrose and is an exception to the wisdom we garnered in grade school. The cause of maple sap flow is complex and our understanding of the process is relatively recent. Sap flow is not related to the normal process (Cohesion-Tension Theory) by which water is transported in stems during the growing season (Kozlowski Pallardy, 1997). According to thecohesion-tension model, water is essentially pulled up through a plant as it evaporates (transpiration) from leaf surfaces. Clearly this cant be important to maple sap flow since: (1) maple trees lack leaves during the time period when sap flows; and (2) the xylem in trees that are transpiring and transporting water is under a negative pressure (or tension), not a positive pressure as is measured in maple stems during sap flow. Sap flow is not related to root pressure. Plantscangenerate sizable root pressures that can play a role in water movement. In some species, like birch (Betulasp.) and grape (Vitissp.), the sap that flows from cuts or wounds in the stem in the spring is a consequence of root pressure. The root pressure increases the stem pressure which results in sap flow. However, root pressureis notresponsible for maple sap flow (Marvin, 1958; Kramer, 1983; Kozlowski Pallardy, 1997). Root pressure is absent in maple trees, even when there is stem pressure (Kozlowski Pallardy, 1997). So, if root pressure and normal water transport mechanisms are not involved, what causes sap flow? The crucial factor is apparently related to the age-old observation that sap flow requires warm days and cool nights. Stems must experience a freeze-thaw cycle for sap flow. When pieces of maple stems are given a source of water and then placed in a freeze-thaw cycle, they exhibit sap flow. During the cold period the stem p ressure decreases and the stem absorbs water (Kozlowski Pallardy, 1997). As the temperature cools, gases in the xylem dissolve and the pressure decreases. This draws water from adjacent cells which, in turn, are refilled by water absorbed from adjacent cells and ultimately from the root. As the temperature continues to drop, water freezes along the inside walls of hollow xylem cells and in the intercellular spaces. Additional ice forms as water vaporizes from surrounding cells, much like the formation of frost on a misty winter morning. When ice formation is complete, the remaining gases in the stem are compressed and locked in ice. As the temperature warms, the ice melts and the ice-compressed gases expand forcing the sap out of the stem (Tyree, 2001). This hypothesis explains why freezing and thawing temperatures are required and why sap flow is always followed by re-absorption of water (Marvin, 1958). However, it doesnt explain why sap flow requires: (1) sucrose in the sap, and (2) living cells. It is possible that both are necessary for cellular respiration that yields carbon dioxide. This gas may be the main component of the gases that undergo thermal expansion and contraction during the freeze-thaw cycle (Marvin, 1958; Kramer, 1983). The sugars in the sap are derived from carbohydrates that accumulated in the stem during the previous season (Kramer and Kozlowski, 1960). These are converted to starch when the weather becomes cool in the autumn. The starch in living ray cells is hydrolyzed to sucrose as the temperature warms in the spring. The sugary sap is then pushed into the xylem (Milburn, 1979). Why maple?Spring sap production is a relatively rare phenomenon, and occurs in the maples (genusAcer) and just a few others. So, w hat it is about maple? According to Dr. Mel Tyree (2001) the distribution of sap and gas in maple stems is the critical factor. Species like sugar maple and butternut (Juglanscinerea) that have air-filled fiber cells and water-filled vessels will exude sap.In contrast, species that do not exude sap, such as willow (Salix), aspen (Populus), elm (Ulmus), ash (Fraxinus) and oak (Quercus), have gas-filled vessels and water-filled fibers. Syrup/Sap From Other SpeciesAs mentioned above, when grapes or birches are pruned in the late spring they will exude sap. This process is not temperature dependent as is the production of sap from maple trees and is due to root pressure. Because of the amount of bleeding that can occur you should avoid pruning grape vines in the late spring. Syrup can be made from birches, and is a commercially important product in some areas. Hickory syrup isa sugarysyrup flavored by an extract of the bark of Shagbark hickory (Caryaovata). The bark is gathered, extract ed, strained and aged. To Do: Label the following diagrams of a typical stem and root. You will need to research the location of xylem and phloem in each.ONScience10, p. 64-65, 73-75. Ask your teacher for a white carnation and some food colouring. Make a fresh cut in the carnation stem and place it in coloured water. (NOTE: this is not a mandatory part of the guide. It is up to you if you choose to do this) After 2 days, record and explain your observations. Take the carnation home and give it to an important adult in your life. Activity:3.3 Fish DissectionObjective of the Activity: Learn skills of dissection with proper tools and procedures, as well as observe the intricate connections between systems and how all operate to allow fish to surviveMaterials or Research needed: Obtain dissection guide, dissection tools and fish from the dispensary. The task at hand: this is a hands on dissection. Take pictures and make a visual photo essay of what you are seeing in the dissection. This is not evaluated, rather it is a chance for you to actually understand and practice the skill of dissection. Final comments: Please ensure you dispose of your fish properly, and clean up the lab fully. Activity:3.4Culminating Cancer ProjectObjective of the Activity: Your teams goal is to determine the effectiveness of various concentrations of herbal extract and its ability to kill fast reproducing cells (simulated cancer cells). This is how many treatment and drug tests begin, a test against a simple cell to see if the potential exists for the new drug to kill cells before testing on more complex cells, such as human cells. CulminatingCancer Treatment ProjectObjective: Your teams goal is to determine the effectiveness of various concentrations of herbal extract and its ability to kill fast reproducing cells (simulated cancer cells). This is how many treatment and drug tests begin, a test against a simple cell to see if the potential exists for the new drug to kill cells before testing on more complex cells, such as human cells. Background:Yeast cells will be simulated cancer cells (eukaryotic, and fast reproducing). Yeast grows well in sugar solution very quickly and effectivelyLiving yeast cells will actively pump out Bromothymol Blue, so living cells will remain colourless or clear, while dead cells will be blue. Serial Dilutions are an easy way to observe and measure either small amounts of substance of figure out a cell count from a stock solution. Vaccines and drug protocols often use very small quantities of a drug to assess effectiveness, so creating serial dilutions is an effective way to create effective small percentagesPrior to beginning your project, please complete:Decide upon a herb/spice to use, and create a series of solution, and bring the herb in for extractionFigure out a way to get a stock concentrated solution of your herbal extract. Learn how to do serial dilutions to calculate percentages (if starting with a stock solution of a certain percentage). Practice observing and counting both alive and dead yeast cells. Complete the pre-lab questions. To Submit: A Formal Report to Westmount Pharmaceuticals, with the following sections in the report:Introduction: a brief introductory paragraph(s) outlining what the objective of the project was and why it is important to consider this report. Should use your pre-lab cancer questions to inform the readers of the report. Procedure:A description of the following methods:List all materials and quantities you needed to complete your studyHow you prepared your different herbal extractsHow you completed the testingHow you were able to measure dataResults: A graph(s) describing your results as well as a summary of what the graph supports (please note: a detailed graph and proper title needed for results)Discussion:This is a special discussion, you are to use your data to either support or refute the use of this herb as a possible chemotherapy treatment for cancer. You should outline why/why not, as well as brief descriptors as to role of chemotherapy drugs in the body. This should be a convincing (1/2 page to full page) writing to the company as to what your found and what you recommend. Appendices with:Rough data signedRough work and procedure outlinedPre-lab questions (see below). PRE-LAB Questions:What is Cancer?Why is cancer a deadly if not treated?According to Cancer.ca, what is the top Cancers for Ontarians?What is chemotherapy? And how does chemotherapy work in terms of treating cancer?What are key side effects of chemotherapy, why do these side-effects happen?What is ethnobotany? Why is ethnobotany important for drug companies? What are the dependent and independent variables here? What are you controlling in this lab?Suggested Solution Preparation: here is one that has been used if you need one to start from:Take a set amount of herb chosen (___g), and grind up into a paste using the Mortar and pestle. You may need to add a small amount of water if needed to ensure full paste is made. Add the paste to an Erlenmeyer Flask, then carefully add 25mL of water to the flask. Swirl and let sit for 10 minutes. This will be your CONCENTRATE or 100% solution. After the 10 minutes, begin making your serial dilutions. You will make a 50% solution, a 10% solution, 1% solution, 0.1%, and a 0.01% solution. Making serial dilutions is easy, all you need to remember is that it should all equal out to 10mL in the end. To dilute by a factor of 10 (going from 100 to 10) requires 1mL of concentrate to 9mL of water. This gives you 10mL of the 10% solution. To make a 1% solution, you take 1mL from the 10% and add 9mL of water. This makes a 1% solution. Making the 0.1% follows a similar format. At the end of your dilution procedure, you will have 6 different solutions. Please ensure they are labeled correctlythen you can add your sugar and yeast suspensions here.