Humans & others mammals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

People and others warm blooded creatures - Essay Example Creatures like the chimpanzees, primates and bonobos are genuine models which through their life structures and practices, demonstrate that development is genuine. The association of inward organs in the African primates and the individuals is comparative. The bone structure is comparable and they just contrast fit as a fiddle and size. People anyway need tails and this delineates at one point the people were comparable to the African gorillas yet they have developed after some time. All warm blooded animals are explicitly dimorphic in that guys are bigger than females by around 5-10% (Barton 79). This shows people are like different warm blooded creatures and are just better since they have developed after some time. Advancement standards show that body highlights create dependent on constant bipedalism. The hands of people are shorter than those of primates. This is on the grounds that they locomote more utilizing their hands as opposed to legs. Essentially the legs of individuals are longer than those of gorillas. The human pelvis and the spinal section are adjusted so that the people stay erect and offer greater strength for waking and running. This adjustment is accepted to have been accomplished because of the opposition among people and different warm blooded creatures and is proof that development occurred. Researchers have demonstrated that the state of the mind in chimps and in people is comparative. Be that as it may, they vary in size. This expansion in the size of the mind demonstrates that development has occurred. Human females arrive at the menopause stage at one point throughout everyday life. Be that as it may, different well evolved creatures like chimpanzees, primates and goril las don't get sterile at any phase throughout everyday life. The Scientific clarification of this distinction depends on human choice that is a factor that demonstrates advancement (Barton 211). Male Bonobos secure the female bonobos. This trademark is additionally present in different warm blooded creatures, for example, gorillas. People additionally have a similar character of guys ensuring the females. This similitude shows an association in the starting point of people and chimps.

Strategic Diagnosis Project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Vital Diagnosis Project - Research Paper Example Besides the web index likewise goes about as a reference book which causes the clients to increase potential data of an assortment of subjects. The Google site likewise goes about as an income and market generator for organizations which promote their items and administrations by means of the online circle. Google which had an exceptionally unassuming starting currently works dependent on a few branches spread along a few fourth of the globe. The organization along these lines has an immense arrangement of gifted and effective HR working from the few workplaces to enable the worry to accomplish its end targets. Google working completely on the web circle happens to increase a huge market worldwide for the best nature of administrations rendered which satisfies the parameter of consumer loyalty. (Google-b, n.d.). Vital exercises started center around tapping specialty advertise bases by creating various items like researcher, earth and guide applications. Innovative work group of Goog le is attempting to create these kinds of items and administrations which helps in increasing an improved client profile. Google’s imaginativeness picks up hold through the enormous scope upkeep of potential data which is increased through the activity dependent on its exceptionally creative programming which helps in increasing quicker access to huge volumes of information from various sources. (McLoughlin and Aaker, 2010, p.145-146). As a feature of its vital activities Google centers around increasing an objective market made out of typical watchers and other potential item and administration publicists. This people group of business individuals helps the firm in increasing potential incomes through the enormous scope publicizing exercises directed over the online circle. Further the organization has additionally concocted another assistance branch to provide food completely to the necessities of the promoters and other business individuals. The AdSense programming contriv ed by Google encourages the promoting network to support related connections on the web-based interface. Through such connections the web guests can increase moment access to the profiles of the various organizations having promoted their items and administrations. (Cahill, 2006, p.57). Vision, Mission and Values Google is one of the business firms that has reformed three business world just as the life of the people over the globe. Google is presently a necessary piece of each individual who utilizes the web. Google is maybe the most well known web index over the globe with a large number of dynamic clients on the planet. Strategic statement of purpose is a short explanation commonly included a solitary sentence that attempts to feature the broadly useful of the association. The statement of purpose likewise mirrors the business systems of a firm with respect to its providers, clients just as the representatives of the association. Statements of purpose are in this manner significa nt as they not just go about as a structure of motivation and yearning yet in addition help in producing an impressive brand picture and appropriate situating of the firm in the psyches of the clients. Statements of purpose ought to likewise be quantifiable and to a great extent quantifiable in order to give clear direction and guidelines towards all the significant partners just as clients (Kaplan, Norton and Barrows, 2008, p.3-4). The statement of purpose of Google is expressed underneath: â€Å"

How to Reference Journal Articles in APA Format

How to Reference Journal Articles in APA Format Student Resources APA Style and Writing Print How to Reference Journal Articles in APA Format By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on September 17, 2019 John Fedele / Blend Images / Getty Images More in Student Resources APA Style and Writing Study Guides and Tips Careers In This Article Table of Contents Expand Basic Structure Magazine Newspaper Two Authors Three to Seven Authors More Than Seven Authors: No Author View All Back To Top How do you create references for journal articles in APA format? If you need to write a psychology paper, then you are going to probably need to reference a number of different journal articles. Such articles summarize the results of studies and experiments conducted by researchers on an enormous range of topics. In most cases, you will probably need to create references for at least five or more journal articles for every APA format paper you are asked to write. APA format details a set of clear rules for referencing articles that appear in academic journals and other periodicals. Article references will vary somewhat based on where the article appears and who authored the content. While many articles you will use in your references probably appear in academic and professional journals, you might also find articles in magazines, newspapers, and online publications. The reference section is one of the easiest places to lose points due to incorrect APA format, so always check your references before you hand in your psychology papers. Learning to reference articles in proper APA style can help you throughout your study of psychology. Check out the following rules and guidelines for referencing articles in APA format. The Basic Structure When Referencing a Journal Article Start by listing the authors last name and first initials, followed by the date of publication in parentheses. Provide the title of the article, but only capitalize the first letter of the title. Next, list the journal or periodical and volume number in italics. Finally, provide the page numbers where the article can be found. Examples Author, I. N. (Year). Title of the article. Title of the Journal or Periodical, volume number, page numbers.orSmith, L. V. (2000). Referencing articles in APA format. APA Format Weekly, 34, 4-10. Magazine Articles The structure for an article appearing in a magazine is similar to that of a journal article. However, the publication date should also include the month and day of publication. Example James, S. A. (2001, June 7). Magazine articles in APA format. Newsweek, 20, 48-52. Newspaper Articles References for newspaper articles follow the basic structure but use the initials p. or pp. to denote page numbers. Example Tensky, J. A. (2004, January 5). How to cite newspaper articles. The New York Times, pp. 4D, 5D. Two Authors If an article has two authors, follow the basic format for a journal reference. Place a comma after the first initial of the first author followed by an ampersand (). Then include the last name and first initial of the second author. Example Mischel, W., Baker, N. (1975). Cognitive transformations of reward objects through instructions.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31, 254-261. Three to Seven Authors  For journal articles with three to seven authors, follow a similar format as you would with two authors, but separate each author and initials with a comma. The final author should be preceded by an ampersand. Follow this same format for each additional author up to seven authors. Examples Hart, D., Keller, M., Edelstein, W., Hofmann, V. (1998). Childhood personality influences on social-cognitive development: A longitudinal study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1288-1289.andKeller, J. L., Smithfield, K. B., Ellis, M., Michelina, R., Bels, S. (1987). The limitations of anchoring bias. Journal of Market Research, 17, 115-119. More Than Seven Authors: The rules for referencing both single and multiple authors apply to all sources whether the material came from books, magazine articles, newspaper articles, journal articles, or online sources. Include the last name and first initials of each author, with each individual separated by a comma. The last author should be preceded with an ampersand. If the article includes seven or few authors, list each author separately. If there are more than seven, include the first six and then include an ellipses (. . . ) in place of the author names before listing the final author. Example Jones, H., Smith, P., Kingly, R., Plathford, R. H., Florin, S., Breckherst, P., . . . Lightlen, P. S. (2012). How to reference an article with more than seven authors. APA Format Today, 17, 35-36. Articles With No Author If an article does not cite any authors, then start by giving the title of the article, followed by the publication date, source, and URL if you accessed the article electronically. Example Scientists seek source of creativity. (2012, March, 6). Dayton County News. Retrieved from http://www.daytoncountynews.com/news/39756_39275.html More Tips If possible, include the DOI (digital object identifier) number at the end of your reference.If a DOI number is not available and you accessed the article online, give the URL of the journals home page.Be sure to check your references using the official Publication Manual of the American Psychological AssociationCapitalize the first word in the title, subtitle and proper nouns.Italicize the name of the publication and the volume number.References should be double-spaced.The first line of each reference should be flush-left and any remaining lines should be indented.If you accessed the article through a database and it does not have a DOI, include a link to the journal homepage where the article was originally published. If the journal or site no longer exists, include a link to the front page of the database where you accessed the article. See an example of different types of references and learn more about APA format.

Operations Management And The Software Development Industry

Operations Management in the Software Development Industry In this paper I will focus on the software development industry and the interaction between the field of operations management and the software development industry. I will start by giving an overview of the software development industry and how it differs from a typical manufacturing industry. Then, I will identify the main management issues that managers in the software development industry encounter. I will end the paper by explaining how operations management is applied in the software development industry and what the operations management issues are in the software development industry and how to solve them. The Software development industry includes businesses that practice computer programming, documenting, testing, and bug fixing to create and maintain applications. For an application to be developed, it passes through a lifecycle. An application lifecycle is a division of software development work into distinct phases containing activities. The main activities of a typical application lifecycle are getting the requirements, analysis of requirements, designing the software, writing the code, testing the functions of the application, and finally the acceptance of the software by the customer (see figure 1). Figure 1 - A typical application development lifecycle In the requirements phase, the customer conveys the requirements needed to the software developing company. The requirements are mainly theShow MoreRelatedOutsourcing China Essay1024 Words   |  5 PagesTechnology industry, producing services, as well as cultural and creative industries, the target involving Japan, Korea, Europe, America and India. In Shanghai, Beijing and other cities formed a group of outsourcing industry cluster, with significant economic benefits of international service outsourcing park; local outsourcing companies grew rapidly, and gradually change the pattern of the first to foreign-based. According to the Ministry of Industry, data shows that in 2008 Chinas software and informationRead MoreInformation Technology ( It ) Is A Universal And Versatile Tool1646 Words   |  7 Pages If I did not have a GPS, I would lose my way. In addition, I can order pizza or anything else in the internet. In business, we cannot without it. We used for information-based system, intranet, and paperless system at work. We need a financial management system to deal with the financial things, and Decision Support System can help and support the decision and strategy. Along with IT developingï ¼Å'it is more and more important in business. 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Research Techniques For The Creative Media - 1744 Words

Research Techniques for the Creative Media Industries Qualitative and Quantitative: There are two types of research: qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative research is exploratory research – such as looking at and analysing people’s behaviours, values and opinions or aspirations. Types of qualitative research that are available are customer feedback, videos or interviews and open answer questions. Qualitative research is more in detail than quantitative would be as qualitative explores what people think about a certain subject and how other people’s opinions change and differ from one another.There are several pros and cons of qualitative research – and advantage of qualitative research is that you are able to explore topics in more depth and more detail, often less expensive, do not need to recruit as many participants or use extensive methods so you are able to get more research without spending a lot of your budget which is highly recommended and it also fills in the gaps left by quantitative research and data. Cons of qualitative d ata also vary like one major disadvantage of qualitative research is that it cannot quantify how many of your audience answer one way or another. 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Dentist Dentistry and Dental School Free Essays

Dentists There are many different careers out there. Dentistry is a career that requires more training than others. There is a wide variety of different specialties that one can do in dentistry, but the majority of dentists are general practitioners. We will write a custom essay sample on Dentist: Dentistry and Dental School or any similar topic only for you Order Now On average, general dentists in South Carolina make about $137,400 a year (Dentists). In order to become a dentist in South Carolina, you are required to graduate and attain a dentistry license. Dentists must be able to do different tasks throughout the day and work with many people. To become a dentist, one must attend dental school which usually takes four years beyond undergraduate college. You may graduate with a degree as a doctor of dental surgery or a doctor of dental medicine. The admittance requirements for dental school vary based on each school. Some of the more common requirements include: at least three or four years of college and at least a GPA of 3. 5 (Dental Schools Ranked by GPA). It is not mandatory to have a Bachelor of Science degree, however, it is encouraged. Some dental schools require you to take certain science classes such as, chemistry (organic, inorganic and biochemistry), mathematics, physics, biology, and psychology. Before you apply to a dental school, you must pass the Dental Admission Test. The DAT measures your scientific knowledge, reading comprehension, and reasoning skills. After graduating from dental school, you have the option of specialty training. Specialty training is offered at many schools and normally takes about two more years beyond dental school. About one-fourth to one-third of new graduates enroll in postgraduate training programs to prepare for a dental specialty† (Henderson). Some dental school graduates start out working as associates for established dentists. They usually work for them for about a year or two while gaining experience. Others purchase or open up a practice immediately after graduation. Many aspiring dentists also receive additional experience by working in clinics affiliated with the school. Another way dental school students may receive experience would be through internship. While interning for a practice, they are able to get used to the physical demands and everyday tasks of a dentist. Dentists should be trained to offer a wide variety of professional services. They should be able to aid gum inflammation, tooth decay, chipped, infected or broken teeth. It is important for a dentist to be able to stand and keep their hand steady for a long period of time. They must â€Å"develop a gentle touch† for the comfort of their patient (Field). This gentle touch will also help them when they have to perform root canals, remove teeth, or corrective surgery on the gums. They should also be able to determine the difference between shades of color and brightness. Dentists are exposed to diseases and infections carried by patients on a daily basis. For this reason, it is important for them to wear protective gear when working. I researched this career because I hope to become a Pediatric Dentist someday. I plan on going to college and majoring in psychology and biology and then going to dental school. My uncle is a dentist and has inspired me to become one. He is very successful and loves his job. Hopefully one day I can become successful and love my job just like my uncle. How to cite Dentist: Dentistry and Dental School, Essay examples

Quality Planning Recommendations

Being one of the most established telecommunications company both regionally and globally, it is important for Etisalat to put in place measures that will enable it to attain and sustain its competitive advantage. Currently, Etisalat has put in place various measures that are aimed at ensuring that its products are the most preferred in the market, and customer satisfaction initiative is effective in attracting and retaining the customers. However, more needs to be done especially within the front of customer attraction and retention initiatives.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Quality Planning: Recommendations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The behavior of customers in respect to the company’s activities and particularly cancellation of services and the reasons behind these cancellations should be analyzed carefully. Cancellation damages the image of the company and its business since it direct ly translates to loss of revenues. In case a high number of customers decide to cancel the ordered services at a given time, the losses from foregone charges on customers can be significant (Walters, Kadragic, and Walters 90). One of the issues that should be analyzed as far as customer cancellation is concerned is the level of information or misinformation that customers have regarding the product. Information is a vital aspect in any business that relies on offering its services as its main model. This information should be dissipated in the correct manner and through the right channels because if such information is distorted through malicious transmission channels or any other way, it becomes misinformation. Misinformation is likely to lead to loss of customers because of the level of deviation from what was originally meant to be relayed to the customers. Correct information regarding a product or service will enable the company to retain its customers, thereby, reducing cancel lation of services. This can be achieved through enhanced marketing strategies that should help the company expand its marketing initiatives with an aim of creating awareness about its service to a wider customer base (Gryna, Chua, and DeFeo 78). In addition to effective marketing strategies, there is a need for efficient advertising strategies that aim at ensuring the products are familiar to all the customers. In addition to information, another reason that can lead to cancellation of services by the company’s customers is their satisfaction levels. Customer satisfaction is a very important aspect that should be incorporated in any customer retention initiatives undertaken by the company. This is attributable to the fact that satisfied customers are not likely to cancel the services provided to them, while dissatisfied customers are more likely to cancel their services with the company. In light of this fact, the company should institute more measures aimed at enhancing the levels of satisfaction among its customers. This might include timely response to queries, improvements in the services offered, and enhancement of the overall customer experience through hiring competent customer care (Ayish 385).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The third and final aspect that might be behind customers’ cancelation of services is pricing. Pricing is an important factor in any market where any form of competition is involved. Currently, Etisalat enjoys monopoly status in the country, and this implies that its pricing decisions have an impact on the entire market. Customers are bound to compare the company’s and competitors’ prices involving similar services and products. This, therefore, implies that the company should have a proper pricing mechanism that will make it align its prices with those of smaller players within the in dustry. Works Cited Ayish, Muhammad I. â€Å"Virtual public relations in the United Arab Emirates: A case study of 20 UAE organizations’ use of the Internet.† Public Relations Review 31.3 (2005): 381-388. Print. Gryna, Frank, Richard C.H. Chua, and Joseph A. DeFeo. Juran quality planning and analysis. New York: McGraw Hill, 2010. Print. Walters, Timothy N., Alma Kadragic, and Lynne M. Walters. â€Å"Miracle or mirage: Is development sustainable in the United Arab Emirates.† Middle East Review of International Affairs 10.3 (2006): 77-91. Print. This research paper on Quality Planning: Recommendations was written and submitted by user Jair O. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

buy custom Volatile Organic Compounds essay

buy custom Volatile Organic Compounds essay Air pollution involves the introduction of particulate matter, chemicals or biological materials capable of causing discomfort or harm to human beings and other living organisms; or those that can damage the natural or built environments, into the atmosphere . Air pollutants can be in form of liquid droplets, solid particles or gases (Miller and Scott 2007). Volatile Organic Components are major outdoor air pollutants. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) is the organic chemicals with high levels of vapor pressure while at room-temperature conditions. This high vapor is as a result of a low boiling point. The low boiling point causes evaporation or sublimation of large numbers of molecules from the solid or liquid form of the compound and, therefore, enters in the surrounding air. Miller and Spoolman (2007) says that Formaldehyde is a good example of such; with a boiling point of -19 degrees Celsius (-2 degrees Farenheit). It slowly exits paint and gets into the air. This paper discusse s the effects of VOCs on the environmental pollution. The paper will also state policies that exist to ensure that the emission of VOCs minimizes. Automobiles are the most common means of transport in the world today. People are spending considerably long time on the road that ever before. This is due to road traffic or other roadway delays that always result in taking more time on shorter distances. Research shows that Americans spend more time inside their cars than any other means of transport. According to research by Kimbrell (2000), in 1995, people travelled more than 2.8 trillion miles by automobile. This figure was up by half a trillion miles witnessed five years earlier, and almost double the distance travelled in 1965 (Kimbrell 2000). Though most people realize the risks associated with using automobiles such as drunk drivers, speeding and road rage, very few are concerned or even aware of the health effects of air quality inside their cars and the surrounding environment. Ozone is the gas that appears in two layers of the atmosphere, stratosphere and troposphere. The good ozone layer (the stratospheric) extends upwar d at about ten to thirty miles above the earth. This ozone layer protects life on the earth from dangerous ultraviolet rays. On the other hand, the troposphere-which extends just ten miles above the earth surface is known as the ground level bad ozone. Being at the ground level, it means that it is an air pollutant with the potential of causing damages to human health, the vegetation, a lot of common materials and a key contributor of smog. Volatile Organic Compounds are a major contributor of the ground level pollution. They are widely used in a broad range of products for use in every-day life. In the automobiles, VOCs are used in products such as paint, fuel, degreasing products cleaning and disinfecting products. The automobiles, commercial, industrial and electric utilities that burn fuels are the primary sources of nitrogen oxide gases-highly reactive gases that when mixed with VOCs and sunlight forms the Ozone. Effects of Volatile Organic Compounds Though VOCs are not acutely toxic, they have compounding long term health effects. Research into Volatile Organic Compounds and their effects proves difficult because their concentrations are usually low and their symptoms are slow to develop. Stratospheric ozone depletion There are many organic compounds that are stable enough to stay in the atmosphere, survive the removal process by the troposphere and reach the stratosphere. However, if they contain bromine or chlorine substituents stratospheric photolysis and the hydroxyl radical destruction processes may cause the active destroying chain carriers of the ozone to be released. Further, it may stimulate the depletion of stratospheric ozone layer and formation of the Antarctic ozone hole.(Hester Harrison 1995 ). Ground level photochemical ozone formation VOCs, as well as other organic compounds are key ingredients of ground level photochemical oxidant formation. This is because they act as controllers of the oxidant production rate in areas where nitrogen oxides levels are enough to maintain ozone production. Hydrocarbons are those organic compounds that contribute in the photochemical production of the ozone (Hester Harrison 1995). Additionally, ground level ozone is a concern to the human health and also has effects on plants, crops and trees. According to the Geneva Protocol as quoted by Hester and Harrison (1995), increased concentrations of the ozone during summertime photochemical pollution instances might exceed the environmental criteria that is set to protect natural ecosystems and human health. These are concerns that led to the Geneva Protocol formulation which greatly support reduction in emissions and stipulates control actions. The depletion of ozone causes eye and skin cancer, cataracts, sunburns, and damage to the immune system. Toxic and Carcinogenic human health effects VOCs can have great impacts on the human health through both the direct mechanism and indirect impacts resulting from photochemical ozone formation. There are some organic compounds that will affect humans senses by their odour; others induce narcotic effects while there are certain species that are toxic. In addition, some organic compounds are carcinogenic; may introduce cancer to the human population (Hester and Harrison 2007). These compounds are termed as air toxics. Their control is, at present, a concern nationally and internationally; which involves many international forums. There is a wide range of chemicals that are coming under scrutiny in for this purpose. The most crucial compounds belonging to the air toxic category and distributed in the atmosphere include: benzene which has the potential of inducing leukemia; formaldehyde, a nasal carcinogen, polychlorinated biphenyl compounds (PCBs); polynuclear aromatic carbons-potential for lung cancer (iller and Spoolman 2007). Enhancing the global Green house effect Almost all the Volatile organic emissions emitted from human activities result in the atmospheric boundary layer-this is a shallow region belonging to the troposphere and next to the earths surface (Hester Harrison 1995). While most of them are rapidly oxidized in this layer, some may survive and proceed into the troposphere during events such as convection, passage of fronts and air masses over the mountains. Moreover, other long-lived compounds accumulate in the troposphere. If any of these is capable of absorbing terrestrial or solar infrared radiation, then it may enhance the greenhouse effect. Accumulation and persistence in the environment Some organic compounds with higher molecular mass persist enough survive the oxidation and removal processes on the boundary layer. They may move over long distances if while still in the rain. According to Hester and Harrison, (1995) the semi-volatile Volatile Organic compounds are a good example of this. They tend to sink permanently in cold environments of the polar regions. Their biological accumulation in such sensitive environs may cause human foodstuffs to reach toxic levels in areas very remote from where the original emission occurred. Smog is a brownish-yellow haze that can be seen blanketing the horizon sometimes in warmer months. Though it is made up of many contaminants, the main component of smog is the ground-level ozone. Volatile Organic Compounds are an important ingredient in the formation of the ozone. On human health, Miller and Spoolman (2007) indicate that smog can irritate the eyes, nose and throat. Some may cough and experience difficulties in breathing. These symptoms will, however, disappear with time but if one is repeatedly exposed, the damage continues deeper inside his/her lungs. On the vegetation, ozone damages forests and crops intensely as well. The ozone attacks the plants foliage thereby reducing the crops growth and yield. For instance, some environments in Canada have experienced losses worth millions of dollars in agriculture from destruction by the ozone (Matinoba 1995). Programs put in place to minimize VOC releases. The Volatile Organic Compounds emissions have been a concern to many including governments, environmental organizations and researchers. The EPA has played a role in reducing the air toxic pollutions.This is due to the steps it has taken in the race to reducing toxic air pollutants such as: reducing toxic emissions from industries; from vehicles through cleaner burning gasoline and stringent emission standards as well as addressing the issue of indoor air pollution by conducting voluntary programs. According to the U.S. EPA (2002), it had issued ninety six air toxic regulations touching on 174 categories of leading industrial sources such as oil refineries, chemical plants, steel mills and aerospace manufacturers. It also issued automobile and fuel emission control programs that have so far reduced air toxics. Most of these programs were established to primarily reduce the ozone through VOC. Policies touching on the architectural industries have also helped in reducing the emissions. In Canada, new regulations were put in place in 2009 to reduce the architectural coating products, for instance, coating agents, dyes, paint, varnish VOC emissions. Architectural coating is a product that is applied onto a substrate used on traffic surfaces including; highways and streets, curbs, berms, parking lots, sideways, stationary structures and airport runways. This action aimed at protecting Canadian national health and that of the environment (UN 2007). To reduce the VOC emissions resulting from the use of petrol, policies have been implemented to reduce emissions. Also changes are made in the components used to manufacture fuels. Canadian federal regulations of 1997 ensures that light duty vehicles and trucks are designed in a way that they will limit hydrocarbon emissions while refueling. A national regulation of the year 2000was adopted to limit the flow rate of dispensing petrol to a38 litres per minute maximum. There were, also, regulations to effectively limit benzene contained in gasoline to one percent volume since 1999 (UN 2007). In California, under the U.S Clean Air Act, all states must meet the federal air proved by the federal government. In Californias SIP is required to track and also control volatile Organic compounds emissions from the pesticides products that are used in agriculture and commercial structure applicators in 5 non-attainment areas(NAAS) The ARB is responsible for VOCs emissions from the pesticides in consumer products. This is policy was aimed at reducing smog-producing emissions that resulted from field fumigants (UN 2007). According to Biermann (2010), there are also global city partnerships, for example, the C40 network which aims at curbing the cities greenhouse emissions. It is an intergovernmental policy that possesses the potential of improving urban air quality by learning best practices and in consequence, mitigate organic gases emissions in an independent way; from national government. The automobile industry needs careful consideration in the future. It is clear that this industry is one of the most pollutant in the environment. The processes performed in automobile refinishing today are surface preparation, application of primer, applying the top coat and lastly spraying the equipment for clean up. During these steps, organic solvent evaporation occurs thus, causing the emission of VOCs. VOCs in motor vehicles in use can be produced by paint, cleaning agents and the fuel used. Therefore, the automobile has both inside and outside air pollution, whereas the outside seems less. Policies should be put to limit the emissions caused by motor vehicles and other equipments that involve the use of fuel.To reduce the VOC from vehicles, effort should be made to reduce its content of the coatings; employ equuipment modifications for improved transfer efficiency and reduced coating usage and engage in work practice modifications, for instance, solvent recycling so as to redu ce emissions from solvents during clean up operations. Regulations such as have been put in place to reduce these emissions. Environmental Protection Agency has previously proposed and instituted a new and more restrictive basic ozone standard that is under the National Ambient Air Quality Standard Program (NAAQSP), whose contribution is of great immense by regulating air pollutants that EPA deems unhealthy (EPA 2011). Ozone is a combination of many regulated pollutants, for instance nitrogen oxides and the volatile organic and non organic compounds. As a major program put in place intended to reduce ozone levels, organizations and area violating the new standards will have to reduce their emissions from sources that emit compounds of ozone, for instance, industrial machines, vehicles and electric utilities. Among other programs put in place include, inspection and maintenance programs which have been established in pollution rampant areas. This process requires that passenger vehicles to undergo periodic testing in order to ensure that malfunctioning emission control systems are in place. For instance in the USA, the congress normally and periodically amends the clean Air Act that will require further declines in hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and possible particulate emissions (Weather Explained). This programs amendments also introduce lower tailpipe standards. This are more advanced testing procedures. On the same note, new vehicle technologies and clean fuels programs have been instituted to regulate carbon emissions from them. Besides, new and clean fuels programs have been instituted that ensures a controlled transportation management provisions. The 1990 amendments for instance provides powers for EPA, to guarantees specific authority to regulate emissions from t he non -road vehicles and modes of transport. Disasters proposed by the government in a good number of industrial countries are intended to protect the quality of air. An example to this is the year of London tragedy, when the United States of America passed the Air Pollution Control Act that was directed to assist all the states in the process of controlling airborne pollutants. A stringent program, in 1963 the Clean Air Act began to place the authority for air quality into the hands of federal government. This far the Clean Air Act, with its 197- and 1990 amendments, have remained the principal air quality law among the United States of America (Encyclopedia 2010) The 1970 Clean Air Act and serious amendments that followed the establishment of Act of 1977 and 1990, have served and acted as the pillar program to regulate the amount of pollution in the USA. The introduction of this law ensured one of the most complex regulatory programs in the country. According to history, efforts to control air pollution in the U. S.A. dates back to the year 1881, a period when Chicago and Cincinnati passed laws to control smoke and soot from the factories of the city (Weather Explained). This resulted to other municipalities take soot and the momentum gained the ground. In the year 1952, Oregon was the first state to have adopted a significant program to regulate the cause of air pollution. The federal government, three year later became involved for the very first time in history, a time when the Control Act was passed. This law gave the provisions to grant funds to assist the states in their air pollution control activities. There has been a new program that has been instituted whose unprecedented cooperation between EPA and USDA will go a long way to find a way to assist producers in meeting their own and society goals for the sake of environmental quality and profitability. This program aims at providing assistance by conducting an incentive-based approach to combine information and education, research and field extension, technology transfer, financial assistance and technical assistance, based on Environmental Quality Incentive Program and farm bill programs. Are these programs justified? Avnet discovered the association between volatile organic compounds and financials. It did this by combining their customer feedback with it is operational and financial data to evaluate it is relationship between customer perception and behaviors. It found out that perceptions and preference do actually equate to financial gains. This provided additional justification for the executives to protect the environment against pollution. In the present, Air Quality methodologies have increasingly become more refined over the years to occupy the gap in the transportation industry and satisfy various requirements which include transportation conformity and various Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality Program justification. A number of off-model methods continue to be developed and refined to enable grounds for innovativeness and some projects to account for reductions in the vehicle emissions. In this case, the most typical analysis is associated with vehicle Miles of Travel (VMT) reductions but reductions in emissions are likely to occur due to decreases in vehicular delay. They are not enough because these proposed programs only intend to regulate. Regulation is fair but not a long term solution. Also, some of these programs aim at controlling, which paradoxically may allow for energy crisis. These proposals should rather address the alternatives to the use of energy services in substitute to the polluting ones. For instance, a comparison between ethane on a mass basis should strike the right balance between a threshold that is low enough to capture the compounds that significantly affect ozone concentration and threshold that is high enough to substitute some of those compounds that may be useful in return for highly reactive compounds. Lastly, new technologies should come up where gap exists or where existing technologies are insensitive to detect low level of chemical pollutions. Buy custom Volatile Organic Compounds essay

LinkedIns Company Follow Feature Adds Status Updates!

LinkedIns Company Follow Feature Adds Status Updates! Breaking News about LinkedIns Company Follow LinkedIn announced on October 10 that it was rolling out yet a new feature that will change the face of what it means to follow a company on LinkedIn.   For a year and a half prior to this development, it has been possible to follow companies on LinkedIn.   But the information available was rather limited, i.e.,   1) when employees join, leave or are promoted; 2) new job opportunities; and 3) company profile updates. If you are a job seeker interested in working at a company, or if you are a recruiter, the three pieces of information listed above can be quite useful.   You can keep track of useful tidbits like how many and what type of people a company is hiring, how many people get promoted, and how many employees leave the company.   As LinkedIn suggested in its April 2010 announcement about the Company Follow feature, Get on the inside track with â€Å"Company Follow,† if you are geography teacher you might be quite interested if you see web technology companies hiring people like you! What was missing from the Company Follow feature was the ability to get news and information from the company itself. That has now changed with the advent of†¦Ã‚   Company Status updates! Yes, it’s true. Companies on LinkedIn can now act just like people and post updates to their very own status bar.   With a 500-character limit, these updates can be substantial. And you can follow them with a simple click of the mouse! Whats in it for you? How might company updates help you as a job seeker?   Well, you have probably heard a lot about the â€Å"hidden job market.†Ã‚   Most high level positions are actually filled without being advertised. Note well:   Status updates allow you to find out any news that a company thinks is important to share.   If you read these updates carefully, you might find a good reason to contact the company, comment on these new developments, and make a positive impression on a decision-maker. You might be thinking, â€Å"Well, if company updates are available to everyone, won’t everyone be pestering these poor decision-makers with congratulatory notes and other correspondence?† My best guess is that most people will not take advantage of the opportunities presented by Company Follow. They might not be paying attention, or they might be too scared to write a letter to a decision-maker. By truly utilizing the information that is available, you will set yourself apart. You may already have ideas of companies you want to follow.   Start following them!   In addition, take a look at the Search for Companies homepage.   You will be given â€Å"Companies You May Want to Follow,† much the same as you can find â€Å"Groups you Might Like† under the Groups tab. Follow The Essay Experts Company Page on LinkedIn Here’s a great idea: How about starting by following The Essay Expert! I will be updating my status from time to time to let you know of developments that might interest you. And I will always be happy to hear from you in response to my updates. For any company owners reading this, you have a new task to add to your list:   updating your company status bar and starting to gather followers.   As of now, posting is a â€Å"by hand† type of job, though I hear HootSuite is working on integration. LinkedIn might not catch up to facebook when it comes to creating company buzz, but for job seekers LinkedIn is still the place to be†¦Ã‚   and to follow. Follow The Essay Expert!

Criminal law problem question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Criminal law problem question - Essay Example 1Simple criminal damage finds a person guilty of criminal damage if they recklessly destroy or damage property belonging to another person. In order to prove a defendant liable to simple criminal damage the following elements have to be proved: Proving the mens rea in this case would be simple as the events that led to the destruction of $6,000 worth of property were triggered with Archie catapulting the stone. As set out in Roper v Knott  2any diminution in value of property due to a person’s act other than the owner is considered criminal damage. The prosecution in this cases would have the most difficult in proving the mens rea. The prosecution would be burdened with proving that Archie had the intention to destroy the garage or he acted recklessly leading to the damage in the garage. It is clear from the facts of the case Archie’s actions were not intended at causing the damage. Therefore, the prosecution would have to prove Archie acted recklessly in hitting the bus with the stone. In R v G & R recklessness can be proved; if Archie was aware of the risk of the stone hitting a vehicle on the road adjacent to the park existed3. Secondly, if he was under circumstances that made it unreasonable for him to take the risk. Under the reasoning in R v G & R  4, Archie could not appreciate the risk of damage because of his age. In R v G & R it was ruled that a defendant’s age, experience and knowledge must be taken into consideration while determining if they acted recklessly5. Therefore, Archie can use his age as a defence against the charge of simple criminal damage. Therefore, the prosecution would not be successful in convincing the court, Archie is liable to any criminal offense. In this case, Barry aims and fires his high powered air rifle with the intention of teaching his neighbour Siegfried a lesson. The previous night, Barry had not slept as Siegfried had played dubstep music the whole night. The impact of Barry’s

The business of water Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

The business of water - Essay Example According to Carroll (1983), corporate social responsibility (CSR) considers few activities of a business, which helps in increasing its profit and in doing so the company should also abide by the rules and regulations that are associated with law and ethics. In order to become socially responsible, a company has to obey laws and conditions that define company’s ethics. The author has organized the different corporate social responsibilities under four layers, which are provided in a pyramid and it is named as pyramid of responsibilities (Visser, 2005). According to the pyramid the four responsibilities are legal, economical, ethical and philanthropic. Carroll and Buchhotlz (2003) have explained that the pyramid should be considered as a whole and the layers are not separated as it does not make any sense. Economic responsibilities: The economic responsibilities indicate the methods that are employed for minimizing the cost and maximizing the sales or even devise strategic decisions, which will generate profit. The economic responsibilities are very important for the society and the company has to take these decisions very carefully (Carroll, 1979). The companies have to fulfil the demand of the shareholders for increased returns on their investment. The companies should employ those employees, who want fair paid jobs and they are also responsible for providing good quality products to the customers at a reasonable rate (Barth and Wolff, 2009). Hence, the primary responsibility of a business is to form a proper functioning unit and operate their business. Therefore, this is the base of the pyramid to which all the layers are connected (Dudovskiy, 2012). Legal responsibilities: The companies are predicted to abide by rules and regulations that are levied by the higher authorities. This norm reflects the strictness of the society towards operation of a business.

C.S. Lewis Book, Mere Christianity :: essays research papers

C.S. Lewis' Book, â€Å"Mere Christianity† C.S. Lewis begins his book, â€Å"Mere Christianity†, by introducing the Law of Right and Wrong or the Laws of Nature. This, however, arises a question. What is the Law of Nature? The Law of Nature is the known difference between right and wrong. That is, mans distinction between what is right and what is wrong. â€Å"This law was called the Law of Nature because people thought that everyone knew it and did not need to be taught it†(18). Lewis relates the law to how we treat others. We treat others the way we want to be treated and if they treat us poorly in return we become agitated and annoyed with them. He states that we become a society of excuses when something goes wrong. He goes on to say that we want to behave in a certain way when in reality we do the opposite of what is right or what is wrong. We are humans and humans have primal instincts. We are all capable of using our instincts to do right or wrong. Lewis uses an example of a drowning man to prove this poi nt. When one sees a man in trouble two desires or instincts kick into play, to save the man or ignore him because the situation at hand could endanger you. However, there in another impulse that says help the man. With this comes a conflict of instincts. Do you run and forget about it or do you jump in and help. Most people will help even if the situation is going to endanger their life. This is just one way of seeing moral law. The right in a situation will mostly always prevail over the wrong. â€Å"Men ought to be unselfish, ought to be fair. Not that men are selfish, nor that they like being unselfish, but they ought to be†(30). We are creatures of habit and logic. Lewis believes that the moral law is not taught to us rather known by us instinctively. He also believes that the law is real. The law is our behaviors in life via good or bad. Lewis states, â€Å"there is something above and beyond the ordinary facts of men’s behavior†(30). This opens Lewis to be lieve that the natural law is both alive and active in mans life today. Lewis goes on to say that the law must be something above mans behavior. He begins to relate this to the creation of the world.

Caricom Formation

Caricom- Caribbean Community and Common Market The formation of Caricom came about when the initial four countries’ governments saw the need for an integration of its members and economies, and the creation of a common market. When the West Indian Federation came to an end in 1962, Caricom was established as a means of regional integration. The West Indian Federation was a political union and consisted of ten countries- which are now states of Caricom- with the exception of Belize, The Bahamas and Guyana.The ending of the Federation meant the beginning of more serious efforts on the part of all Caribbean leaders to strengthen the existing ties among them by providing opportunities for the continuance and sustaining the areas of co-operation. The idea of Caricom was proposed by the Government of Trinidad and Tobago when it announced its withdrawal from the West Indian Federation. Hence, the first Heads of Government Conference was summoned by the Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago. This conference was attended by the leaders of Barbados, British Guiana, Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago.These four countries agreed that there was an immense necessitate for closer co-operation in the Caribbean region. At the eighth Heads of Government Conference in Georgetown, Guyana in April 1973, the decision to establish Caricom was authorized with the signing of the Georgetown Accord. Caricom was finally established on July 04, 1973 with the signing of the Treaty of Chaguaramas. This treaty was signed by the Heads of Government of Barbados- Mr. Errol Barrow, Guyana- Mr. Forbes Burnham, Jamaica- Mr. Michael Manley and Trinidad and Tobago- Dr. Eric Williams. After many years of existence, Caricom has extended to fifteen members of state.Members of State of Caricom Name of Country| Capital City| Name of Head of State| Head of Government | Date of Membership| Antigua And Barbuda| St. John's| Dame Louise Agnetha Lake-Tack, Governor-General| Winston Baldwin Spencer| 4th July , 1974| The Bahamas| Nassau| H. E. Sir Arthur A. Foulkes, GCMC, Governor General| Perry G. Christie| 4th July, 1983| Name of Country| Capital City| Name of Head of State| Head of Government | Date of Membership| Barbados| Bridgetown| H. E. Ellliot Belgrave, Governor General| Freundel Stuart| 1st August, 1973| Belize| Belmopan| H. E. Sir Colville N. Young Snr. Governor General| Dean Oliver Barrow| 1stMay, 1974| Dominica| Roseau| H. E. Dr. Nicholas Joseph Orville Liverpool, DAH, President| Roosevelt Skerrit| 1st May,1974| Grenada| St. George's| H. E Sir Carlye Glean GCMG, Governor General | Tillman Thomas| 1st May,1974| Guyana| Georgetown | His Excellency Donald Ramotar| 1st August,1973| Haiti | Port-au-Prince| His Excellency Michel Joseph MartellyPresident| July, 2002| Jamaica| Kingston| The Most Honorable Patrick Linton Allen, ON, GCMG, CD – Governor General| The Most Honorable Portia Simpson – MillerPrime Minister| 1st August,1973| Montserrat| Plymouth| H.E. Mr. Adria n Derek Davis, Governor| Honorable Reuben Meade Premier| 1st May,1974| Saint Lucia | Castries| H. E. Dame Perlette Louisy, GCMG, PhD, Governor General| Dr. The Honorable Kenny D. AnthonyPrime Minister| 1st May,1974| St Kitts And Nevis| Basseterre| H. E. Sir Cuthbert Montraville Sebastian, Governor General| The Right Honorable. Dr. Denzil Llewllyn DouglasPrime Minister| 26th July,1974| St. Vincent and the Grenadines| Kingstown| Sir Frederick Nathaniel Ballantyne, Governor General| Dr. the Honorable Ralph E.GonsalvesPrime Minister| 1st May,1974| Suriname| Paramaribo| His Excellency Desire Delano Bouterse President| 4th July,1995| Trinidad and Tobago| | His Excellency George Maxwell Richards, TC, CMT, PhD President| Honorable Kamla Persad-BissessarPrime Minister| 1st August ,1973| Caricom also has its Associate Members (located in the territories of the United Kingdom): * Anguilla * Bermuda * British Virgin Islands, * Cayman Islands and * Turks and Caicos Islands Caricom Secretariat Th e Caricom Secretariat is the principal administrative organ of the ommunity and is headed by a Secretary General, who is the CEO of the community. The Caricom Secretariat is located in Guyana and the current Secretary General is Ambassador Irwin LaRocque, a national of Dominica. Functions of the Caricom Secretariat * Initiate, organize and conduct studies. * Provide, on request, services to Members of State of Caricom on matters of the community. * Collect, store and disseminate relevant information to Member States. * Mobilize resources from donor agencies to assist in the implementation of Community Programmes. * Conduct, as mandated, fact-finding assignments in Member States.Offices and Directorates Offices * Secretary-General * Deputy Secretary-General * General Counsel * Office of Trade Negotiations | Directorates * Foreign and Community Relations * Human and Social Development * Trade and Economic Integration * Caribbean Forum of African, Caribbean and Pacific States   (CARI FORUM)| Reference â€Å"Caricom Member States† 2011, Caricom. org. http://www. caricom. org/jsp/community/member_states. jsp? menu=community â€Å"Formation of Caricom† May 2006, Scribd. com http://www. scribd. com/doc/2905473/Introduction-to-CARICOM-CSME

The On The Tom Green County Juvenile Probation Resources...

Programs and Services On the Tom Green County Juvenile Probation Resources website, I found quite a few programs and services that I believe would work for adolescents who are either at risk or already in the juvenile justice system. The programs and services are: the High Sky Children’s Ranch, The West Texas Boys Ranch, The Concho Valley Home for Girls, House of Faith, The Youth Advocate Program, and Big Brothers and Big Sisters program. The reason I believed these types of programs and services would work is because they all include some type of support, counseling and/or mentoring for adolescents and juveniles. The types of programs and service are extremely important because they offer adolescents and juveniles resources they may not be receiving at their home life. The programs and services I found to be more politically motivated are: The Department of Family and Protective Services (CPS) and The Texas Juvenile Justice Department. The reasons I find them politically moti vated is because they are programs that are ran by the government, so they focused more on making money rather than offering help. They may offer help, but only to a certain extent due to the many regulations they have abide by. Disproportionate Although I was unable to determine the disproportionate minority contact (DMC) rate in Tom Green County/San Angelo, TX, I was able to find an overview and analysis done on the disproportionate minority contact (DMC) in Tarrant County â€Å"over a five year

ESL Tips and Quiz Modal Verbs of Probability

Mathematics and its Relation with Music and its Harmonics

Ever since c. 17th century, musical compositions have manipulated the standard aspects of music, which include rhythm and melody. More importantly, many musical compositions have incorporated complex math within, for examples again, melodies and rhythms that create a uniqueness that has yet to be perfectly matched by other composers. One other key aspect of music in general, harmony, is where a fairly complex mathematical formula is involved: the harmonic mean. Because harmony is a major component of music, it is no surprise that this harmonic mean can be applied to nearly all types of music. Basically, a harmonic mean-as it applies to music-~is any possible division between an original note and the octave of that note that produces a different note. With that, there is a sequence in the divisions between a note and its octave that is not very consistent in distance from the original note. One instrument in particular that can demonstrate this type of mean is the vioiin because of th e harmonic tones produced whenever a finger is pressed on a string. At certain points on a string. different notes are produced by the harmonics of the upper and iower naives of the string, which would be examples of harmonic means. The diagram above is of a D-string on a violin from the beginning of the neck where the string first crosses the neck to where the string touches the bridge. The halfway notation marks the most prominent harmonic mean on a violin: the octave. Its harmonic mean is 1/2Show MoreRelatedRelationship Between Math And Music1001 Words   |  5 Pageswondered why music doesn’t get in the way when you do math homework? It’s because the harmonics in math and music go in a geometric pattern and so on, let me simple it down for you in this paper. In paper will discuss about the relationships between math and music, the reasons music is better when doing math, what type of music uses math, and what types of math has the most connection to music. What kinds of relationships does math have to music? The relations between math and music are likeRead MoreThe Effect Of String Function On An Accidental Of A Natural Or A Flat1631 Words   |  7 PagesOne does not need to use words to convey a message. Dots and lines on a page can convey emotion just as well, if not better. Music can fill in the context where words cannot. The simple switch between major to minor, an accidental of a natural or a flat can easily show the motion of a piece. As a cellist for over six years, I wanted to understand the fundamental idea of why notes were audible. I asked myself, why do I press down on certain parts of the strings on a cello to produce certain notesRead More Music Education Improves Academic Performance Essay1629 Words   |  7 PagesMusic Education Improves Academic Performance Music educators have always believed that a child’s cognitive, motivational, and communication skills are more highly developed when exposed to music training. Now, study after study proves that music instruction is essential to children’s overall education because it improves their academic performance. The positive effects of music education are finally being recognized by science, verifying what music teachers have always suspected. Music entersRead MoreThe Noise Of Sound Waves Through Instruments And How The Notes Come Together1377 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Music takes up a large part of our lives, most people listen to it almost every day. It is one of the only medians between People from completely different walks of life, connecting us all through major symphonies or just beautifully simple chords. Though many people enjoy the emotion filled sound that travel to their eardrums, most do not know exactly why. People also do not know why they dislike some musical sounds. I am very curious as to why there are melodies considered good orRead MoreMath and Music: An Introduction and Mathematical Analysis Essay1182 Words   |  5 PagesMath and Music: An Introduction and Mathematical Analysis Rhythm and Frequency To understand the relation between math and music, the primary step is to study the nature of rhythm, frequency and amplitude. Everything around us has its own pattern of rhythm, from the motion of protons and neutrons, to the beats in rock music. Rhythm is determined by the periodicity of vibration of certain object in its surrounding substance, or medium. The vibration is repeated at a constant time lengthRead MorePlato s Theory Of Education Essay2036 Words   |  9 Pagesperson to be guided towards the right desires and would lead to understanding the distinction between forms and appearances with use of the allegory of the cave. He continued his point by explaining how this distinction was prevalent in the study of mathematics, which he considered to be a prerequisite for studying philosophy, and using the knowledge gained to understand complex ideas such as what justice meant. Although this belief also explained how a society was able to achieve one of the four virtuesR ead MoreThe Relationship between Math and Music Essay2505 Words   |  11 PagesINTRODUCTION Mathematics refers to numbers and calculations, often dealing with magnitudes, figures and quantities expressed symbolically. On the other hand, music is an art of sound through the use of harmonies, rhythm and melodies. Although these two subjects are in contrast to each other, as mathematics is often unpopular to most people for its difficulty and music is easily likeable for its pleasantness, experts have uncovered a strong connection between the two topics. The connectionRead MoreThe Connections Between Renaissance Architecture And Cosmology1962 Words   |  8 PagesRenaissance ideas of the relationship of music and cosmology to architecture substantially predate the 15th century and were influential long after it. Discuss. In this essay, I will not only be discussing at the connections between Renaissance architecture and cosmology as well as music, but also the what Renaissance architecture is and how it played a key part in architectural design today. The Renaissance period took place during the early 15th century to early 17th century, the age of LeonardoRead MoreHistorical Aspects Of Ancient China1685 Words   |  7 Pagesprovide a general summary of the hexagram’s meaning†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Even if the divination process selects the same hexagram for varying situations, it does not guarantee that they will all have the same outcome of success or failure. The Yijing is rooted in mathematics; the basis of the hexagrams were inspired by nature, which can be debased to mathematical equations. 2 to the power of 6 equates to the number of hexagrams within the document (64 total). â€Å"Since numbers to the power of 2, together with multipleRead MoreDebussys use of the Fibonacci sequence Essay1403 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Ã¢â‚¬Å"I can count†: Mathematics in Music An Analysis of Debussy’s Nocturne Math has been associated with music for many years, particularly that of the Fibonacci sequence and the Golden Ratio. In Debussy’s Nocturne, composed in 1892, I look into the use of the Fibonacci sequence and the Golden Ratio. Previously it has been noted that composers used the Fibonacci sequence and the Golden Ratio in terms of form, however in my analysis I look into the use of it in terms of notation as well. I will explore

Pet Peeves Free Essays

George stone University 101 Ms. Finch November 6, 2012 â€Å"Individual grievances and pet peeves have got to go by the wayside. Generally, you don’t have to worry about the guys who are playing every day; it’s the guys who are sitting on the bench that are the ones that get needles in their pants. We will write a custom essay sample on Pet Peeves or any similar topic only for you Order Now †Ã¢â‚¬â€œWalt Alston. A pet peeve an opportunity for complaint that is seldom missed; coming into my first semester of college I was uncertain o what to expect from my professors and my classmates. I really didn’t know what kind of professor I’d prefer but I knew what type I didn’t want. I also didn’t want to be late to any classes, or have any missing assignments. One of my biggest pet peeves is teachers who disregard the fact that the student is also a human being and abuse their authority. My seventh grade teacher could have written a book on how to abuse authority and belittle her students. She said from my inability to walk on a line in the hallway to the cafeteria that it would assure my failure in later life. She told me my charisma would only take me so and that if I wanted to be any type o success in life I should drop out and learn a trade. But as we can see I didn’t fail and my future is looking quite bright. But she made me hate teachers like her and made it one of my pet peeves to not avoid teachers like her. I also had a pet peeve about being tardy to class. I had heard that being late to class would rub professors the wrong way, and I wanted to make sure that I developed a good relationship with them from the beginning. I was all ways taught to be sure to make a good first impression at the beginning of the year. For most teachers, once they see you as a bright, kind, polite student, they’ll always see you as a bright, kind, polite student. They’ll let things slide later. I gave the impression that I care about their subject, even if I hated it. I was reasonably attentive, participate, and did the work. So I tried and was successful in my endeavor for about the first 5 weeks which in I hindsight I feel like made my professors see me as an avid student who wanted to learn. My last pet peeve for my first semester in college was not having any missing assignments. So when they assigned stuff I made sure to ask how to do assignments in detail. At first I annoyed them, but they couldn’t do anything about that. If they complained, I simply replied that I wanted to produce the best quality assignment possible. I was successful in having zero missed assignments this semester, which helped me a lot because I didn’t do as well as I wanted to in some classes on exams but because I had completed all my other assignments and turned them in on time I still kept a decent grade. The things were the main things I focused on coming into my freshman year in college. I made sure my pet peeves weren’t going to be a problem by checking them from the start of the school year. I learned a lot of ne things during this first semester that will benefit me in the future in being a great college student. I’m going to continue to focus in on my pet peeves and get the most out of my college experience as a student athlete. How to cite Pet Peeves, Essay examples Pet peeves Free Essays Pet peeves, everyone has them. Some people make their peeves known; others Just grit their teeth and keep their annoyance to themselves. My pet peeves Include my husband talking loudly In public on the phone, people using their phones In public, and the way people care for their kids. We will write a custom essay sample on Pet peeves or any similar topic only for you Order Now These are just a few of my pet peeves that I want to talk about. My husband is one of the worst about talking to loud on his phone in public. One day in particular comes to mind. We were going to walk into a restaurant, and his phone rang. He answered it and began to talk. I started to walk slower, hoping he would do the same. He did not even realize that he was almost yelling. As we were walking into the restaurant he continued to talk and people turn their heads to see who was talking so loudly. I was trying to get him to hurry up, but that was not happening. I could Just see other people around us looking at him wishing he would hang up his phone. He finally finished his call and hung up his phone. This does not happen often, but when It does I try to remind him that he has many pet peeves and his loud talking Is one of mine. It Is possibly my biggest pet peeve. Furthermore, phone etiquette in general is one of my pet peeves. Don’t get me wrong, cell phones are great; I just really wish that someone would write a book on the proper way to use a cell phone. If there ever was such a book the author would be a millionaire instantly. Cell phones exploded on to the scene so fast and furious that many people did not have time to think. It is understandable for people not to understand proper phone etiquette. The ability to talk wirelessly to anyone, and everyone from almost anywhere in the world has been around now for many years. People should know that there is a proper time and place to use a cell phone. I can understand If a call comes Into a person’s phone that Is an emergency. However It Is not an emergency If a friend has Just broke up with their boyfriend or girlfriend. If one Is In a walling room of a doctor’s office, or a public place people do not need to hear about y personal life problems. Be courteous to the ones around and, get up and walk outside to finish the call. I can promise that no one else wants to hear a one-sided conversation. Parents drive me crazy when they allow their children to scream and cry in a public place. I can understand some children have special needs and there is Just no way for a parent to soothe the child. The parent should still get up and take the screaming child outside or to the bathroom. My husband and I were at a restaurant the other day and there was a child crying and screaming at the top f his lungs. The mother just sat there and did nothing to try and soothe the child. We quickly finished our meal and left the restaurant. Parents should try and consider that not everyone cares to hear their child screaming and crying In public places. In conclusion I normally do not say a whole lot about the different things that get on my nerves. I am typically the kind of person that Just goes with the flow. The loud talking on the cell phone, the lack of phone etiquette, and children crying and How to cite Pet peeves, Papers

4 Units Target completion date October 14, 2016 Essay Example For Students

4 Units : Target completion date: October 14, 2016 Essay 4 Units: Target completion date: October 14, 2016 By the End of this guide, I will be able toshow I know the following: 1. Able to recognize parts of the cell, simple cell cycle, and how these all relate to how cells function in our bodies both for good and for not so good (such as cancer as a case study) 2. Able to explain how our actions affect the cells and cell systems in our body, and how they respond to changes (such as exercise and the body) 3. Ability to see systems in plants and animals 4. Understand how cancer can be treated and explore possible options for this By the end of this guide I will have mastered the following new scientific/research skills: 1. Able to effectively use a microscope to obtain a better understanding of cell structures, and use it to collect data to interpret cell cycles and cells in general 2. Able to write a sound lab report using the necessary parts of a scientific paper 3. Able to use various resources to explain cell cycles, and organ systems T he tasks I will have to complete in this guide are: Tasks to Complete What will be done in this part? How is this being used? 1.0Intro: Henriettas cells -Questions to answer and discussion in class introduction 1.1Understanding Cells and Life SMWYK -Figure out a way to learn the different types of cells, parts of the cell and why it is important Learning 1.2 Using the Microscope EffectivelySkills to practice -ability to use a microscope -able to make a wet mount and observe items at low, medium, and high power Practice 1.3 Observing Cells Labusing what you have learned as well as skills -Using the skills learned in 1 and 2 in real life situations, explaining differences between animal and plant cells Evaluated 2.1 Understanding and Observing Cell Cycle (focus: Mitosis) -Able to explain the variousparts of the cell cycle -View under microscope the different stages of mitosis Learning and Evaluation 2.2 Understanding Stem Cells -Learning about stem cells and importance in the future o f medicine Learning 2.3 Whatis Cancer? -Describing cancer and learning about how to treat cancer. Learning 2.4 Cells to Organ Systems -how cells form tissues, then organs, and finally organ systemsreading and worksheet (or SMWYK if you would like) Learning 3.1 Exercise Lab Activity -understanding how changing the environment on a body will affect organ systems Evaluated 3.2 Plant Tissues Activity -learning about plant tissues and systems through questions and lab exercise Learning 3.3 Fish Dissection -learning about systems through completion of a dissection to show how detailed a body really is Learning and Practice 3.4 Cancer Treatment Project -developing a cancer treatment, testing effectiveness, and then presenting your findings Evaluated 4.0 Biology TEST -demonstrate understanding by completing a test of the content learned Evaluated New Terms In this Guide: Cells and Cell Cycle Cancer and Stem Cells Systems and Exercise Plants and others Activity: 1.0 Henriettas CellsObjective of the Activity: Understanding the role research plays in our understanding of health and cells. As well, understanding of historical perspective, as sometimes what we do is not ethically proper in different generations. Reading to be done for the questions below. Discussion of the questions and the reading will take place Introduction:Henrietta Lacks Immortal Cells Medical researchers use laboratory-grown human cells to learn the intricacies of how cells work and test theories about the causes and treatment of diseases. The cell lines they need are immortalthey can grow indefinitely, be frozen for decades, divided into different batches and shared among scientists. In 1951, a scientist at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland, created the first immortal human cell line with a tissue sample taken from a young black woman with cervical cancer. Those cells, calledHeLacells, quickly became invaluable to medical researchthough their donor remained a mystery for decades. In her new book,The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks, journalist RebeccaSkloottracks down the story of the source of the amazingHeLacells, Henrietta Lacks, and documents the cell lines impact on both modern medicine and the Lacks family. You can watch a documentary aboutHeLacells at:http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/the-way-of-all-flesh/ Journalist RebeccaSklootsbook investigates how a poor black tobacco farmer had a groundbreaking impact on modern medicine.The following is an interview with RebeccaSklootby Sarah Zielinski (Smithsonian.com, January 22, 2010) Who was Henrietta Lacks?She was a black tobacco farmer from southern Virginia who got cervical cancer when she was 30. A doctor at Johns Hopkins took a piece of her tumor without telling her and sent it down the hall to scientists there who had been trying to grow tissues in culture for decades without success. No one knows why, but her cells never died. Why are her cells so important?Henriettas cells were the first immortal human cells ever grown in culture. They were essential to developing the polio vaccine. They went up in the first space missions to see what would happen to cells in zero gravity. Many scientific landmarks since then have used her cells, including cloning, gene mapping and in vitro fertilization. There has been a lot of confusion over the years about the source ofHeLacells. Why?When the cells were taken, they were given the code nameHeLa, for the first two letters in Henrietta and Lacks. Today,anonymizingsamples is a very important part of doing research on cells. But that wasnt something doctors worried about much in the 1950s, so they werent terribly careful about her identity. When some members of the press got close to finding Henriettas family, the researcher whod grown the cells made up a pseudonymHelen Laneto throw the media off track. Other pseudonyms, like Helen Larsen, eventually showed up, too. Her real name didnt really leak out into the world until the 1970s. How did you first get interested in this story?I first learned about Henrietta in 1988. I was 16 and a student in a community college biology class. Everybody learns about these cells in basic biology, but what was unique about my situation was that my teacher actually knew Henriettas real name and that she was black. But thats all he knew. The moment I heard about her, I became obsessed: Did she have any kids? What do they think about part of their mother being alive all these years after she died? Years later, when I started being interested in writing, one of the first stories I imagined myself writing was hers. But it wasnt until I went to grad school that I thought about trying to track down her family. How did you win the trust of Henriettas family?Part of it was that I just wouldnt go away and was determined to tell the story. It took almost a year even to convince Henriettas daughter, Deborah, to talk to me. I knew she was desperate to learn about her mother. So when I started doing my own research, Id tell her everything I found. I went down to Clover,Virginia, where Henrietta was raised, and tracked down her cousins, then called Deborah and left these stories about Henrietta on her voice mail. Because part of what I was trying to convey to her was I wasnt hidinganything, thatwe could learn about her mother together. After a year, finally she said, fine, lets do this thing. When did her family find out about Henriettas cells?Twenty-five years after Henrietta died, a scientist discovered that many cell cultures thought to be from other tissue types, including breast and prostate cells, were in factHeLacells. It turned out thatHeLacells could float on dust particles in the air and travel on unwashed hands and contaminate other cultures. It became an enormous controversy. In the midst of that, one group of scientists tracked down Henriettas relatives to take some samples with hopes that they could use the familys DNA to make a map of Henriettas genes so they could tell which cell cultures wereHeLaand which werent, to begin straightening out the contamination problem. So a postdoc called Henriettas husband one day. But he had a third-grade education and didnt even know what a cell was. The way he understood the phone call was: Weve got your wife. Shes alive in a laboratory. Weve been doing research on her for the last 25 years. And now we have to test your kids to see if they have cancer. Which wasnt what the researcher said at all. The scientists didnt know that the family didnt understand. From that point on, though, the family got sucked into this world of research they didnt understand, and the cells, in a sense, took over their lives. How did they do that?This was most true for Henriettas daughter. Deborah never knew her mother; she was an infant when Henrietta died. She had always wanted to know who her mother was but no one ever talked about Henrietta. So when Deborah found out that this part of her mother was still alive she became desperate to understand what that meant: Did it hurt her mother when scientists injected her cells with viruses and toxins? Had scientists cloned her mother? And could those cells help scientists tell her about her mother, like what her favorite color was and if she liked to dance. Deborahs brothers, though, didnt think much about the cells until they found out there was money involved.HeLacells were the first human biological materials ever bought and sold, which helped launch a multi-billion-dollar industry. When Deborahs brothers found out that people were selling vials of their mothers cells, and that the family didnt get any of the resulting money, they got very angry. Henriettas family has lived in poverty most of their lives, and many of them cant afford health insurance. One of her sons was homeless and living on the streets of Baltimore. So the family launched a campaign to get some of what they felt they were owed financially. It consumed their lives in that way. What are the lessons from this book?For scientists, one of the lessons is that there are human beings behind every biological sample used in the laboratory. So much of science today revolves around using human biological tissue of some kind. For scientists, cells are often just like tubes or fruit fliestheyre just inanimate tools that are always there in the lab. The people behind those samples often have their own thoughts and feelings about what should happen to their tissues, but theyre usually left out of the equation. And for the rest of us?The story ofHeLacells and what happened with Henrietta has often been held up as an example of a racist white scientist doing something malicious to a black woman. But thats not accurate. The real story is much more subtle and complicated. What is very true about science is that there are human beings behind it and sometimes even with the best of intentions things go wrong. One of the things I dont want people to take from the story is the idea that tissue culture is bad. So much of medicine today depends on tissue culture. HIV tests, many basic drugs, all of our vaccineswe would have none of that if it wasnt for scientists collecting cells from people and growing them. And the need for these cells is going to get greater, not less. Instead of saying we dont want that to happen, we just need to look at how it can happen in a way that everyone is OK with. Questions to discuss:What is a cell?How do cells divide?How do cells specialize for a specific task?Is there a limit to how many times a cell can divide?What is cancer and how is it relevant to Henrietta Lacks cell lines?Why do scientists need immortal cell lines?Final comments:Information Sheet: CellsWhat are cells?All living things are made of cells. Our bodies are made up of between 10 trillion (1013) and 100 trillion (1014) cells. There are many different kinds of cells in your body, each carrying out an important function, and these cells work together to build organs and tissues that work to keep you alive. A cell is the basic unit of life. Plants and animals are made of eukaryotic cells, which means they contain smaller structures called organelles, including a membrane-bound nucleus. These organelles have special functions that maintain all life processes of the cell including:Intake of nutrientsMovementGrowth Response to stimuliExchange of gasesWaste removalReproductionAltho ugh all cells must perform the tasks that maintain life, not all cells are identical. Some structures and organelles are the same in both plant and animal cells, while others differ between plant and animal cells. Cells within the same organism can also differ in structure and numbers of organelles, depending on the function of the cell. Discovering CellsCells were not observed until microscopes were invented in the mid 1600s. Early scientists used simple light microscopes (like the ones in school) to view cells. These microscopes helped scientists view external structures of cells, but revealed few details about the internal organelles. Advances in technology, such as the development of the electron microscope have allowed biologists to learn detailed information about different cell parts and their functions. The electron microscope can produce images that are 1000x more detailed than the light microscope. The discovery of the cell is an example of how scientific knowledge depends on technology. With the development of improved microscopes, the Cell Theory emerged, with 3 basic principals:All living organisms are made of one or more cellsCells are the basic unit of organization (structure) and function in all organisms. All cells come from pre-existing cells Activity: 1.1 Understanding Cells and Life SMWYKWhat needs to be done: Create a way to learn the various differences and similarities between the types of cells. You are not being evaluated, but need to demonstrate you attempted to learn the concepts. You will be evaluated on these concepts on the end of the guide test. Key Learning to be done here:-difference between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells-difference between plant and animal cells-explain various roles the major organelles play in the cell, create an analogy for body systems or other aspects. Materials or Research needed:-many searchs can provide necessary content here-here is one site that contains most of the information needed: http://www.cellsalive.com/ watch the video about Prokaryotic cells and Eukrayotic cells via the link posted in the Biology module on our D2LNew Terminology To be Acquired here:EukaryoticProkaryoticCell membraneCell wallNucleusNucleolusEndoplasmic reticulumLysosomeMitochondriaRibosomeVacuoleCytoplasmGolgi apparatusCentriolesFinal comments: Be sure to let your teacher know when this is completed and show your teacher how you have learned the material. Ask along the way if you are unclear about content Activity: 1.2 Using the Microscope EffectivelySkills to practiceWhat needs to be done: once you have finished labelling and understanding how to use a microscope as well as how to create a biological drawing (found below), Use some sample slides and a microscope, work to focus and take pictures of what you see. Demonstrate to your teacher you are abl e to use a microscope before moving to the next task. Key Learning to be done here:-able to name the parts of a microscope-able to effectively use a microscope-able to make a biological drawing (both by hand and if using a photo, digital rules apply)Materials or Research needed:Optional Lesson: Using a microscope and making wet mounts for microscopesYOU MUST COMPLETE THIS ACTIVITY BEFORE ATTEMPTING ANY ACTIVITY THAT REQUIRES A MICROSCOPE AND DRAWING. Part A) Labelling Microscope Diagram, Functions, UseGo to the following web site: http://www.wisc-online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=BIO905Click next and complete only the parts of the simulation required to label the microscope. Review the functions of some of the main microscope parts below; refer to this page if needed during the Microscope lab (Activity 3):Ocular Lens (eyepiece)Where you look into the microscope; magnifies the specimen, usually by 10X Body TubeSeparates the ocular lens from the objective lensNosepieceHolds the objective lenses; you can rotate the nosepiece to change the magnificationObjective lenses (low, medium, high)Magnifies the specimen further (typically low=4X, medium=10X, high=40X)Stage ClipsHold the slide containing the specimen in position on the stageDiaphragmAllows light from the lamp to pass through the specimen (amount of light reaching the specimen can be changed)LampSupplies the light passing through the specimenArmHolds the body tube in place and is used to carry the microscopeStageSupports the slide for observationCoarse Adjustment KnobMoves the stage up or down to focus on the specimen (only used with the low and medium power objectives)Fine Adjustment KnobSharpens and image (used with all objective lenses)BaseProvides a stable platform for the microscopeUsing the light microscope:1. Place the microscope on a flat surface. 2. Make sure that the LOW power objective lens is in place. You know which is the low power objective because it is the SHORTEST. Holiday On Mackinaw Island Argumentative Essayii) PULSE PLACE #2: The carotid artery: The carotid artery is vital to your survival because it supplies your face and brain with blood. The best method for finding the carotid artery is to find the nearly 90-degree angle in your mandible (lower jaw). Place your pointer finger and middle finger on your neck directly below the place on the 90-degree angle where the mandible sticks out. Be sure to apply adequate pressure; you will not feel your pulse if you place your fingers lightly on the artery. Procedures:1) The first part of the lab is to record a resting pulse, that is, how many times your heartbeats when you are sitting still. NOTE: you can collect data in a group for this lab, not everyone needs to complete the exercises! 2) Practice finding your pulse in the two places before recording a resting pulse. An important note: never use your thumb to try to find a pulse. When you applypressure to a surface with your thumb, you will feel your own pulse beating rather thananother persons pulse.) 3) Record a resting heartrate for everyone in your group. 4) Now record a resting respiration rate (how many breaths per minute when a person isresting, use rpm for the unit) for each person. 5) Pick an exercise, any exercise. This will be the exercise you do for the rest of the lab. It will have to be able to do both aerobically (something you could continue to do for more than 4 minutes) and anaerobically (would tire and could not continue if done correctly for only 2 min). Both exercises need to be done AFTER resting heart rate have been achieved. Check with your teacher to see that you have chosen acceptable exercise options. 6) After recording the resting heart rate, complete the anaerobic part of the activity (as fast as you can for up to 2 minutes). Immediately upon completing the exercise, record your breathing rate and heart rate (for 10 seconds).Continue to record Heart rate and breathing rate every minute (or every 30 seconds if you can) UNTIL your heart rate returns to resting rate, and your breathing rate returns to normal/rest. NOTE: if you cannot figure out how to measure breathing rate every 30 seconds, take it once a minute. 7) Once the participant has returned to Resting heart rate, Complete procedure 5-6 for AEROBIC exercise for approximately 5 minutes. This is NOT anaerobic! Ensure you take heart rate at the end of your exercise, and every 30 seconds after until your heart rate AND breathing rate returns back to normal/rest 8) Make a graph of heart rate and breathing rate (please put both sets of data on the same graph) versus time after exercise. You will need to design an observation table to report your findings in your report. MAKE SURE YOU INCLUDE HEADINGS, UNITS OF MEASUREMENT AND A DESCRIPTIVE TITLE FOR YOUR OBSERVATIONS. Questions:What happened to your heart rate and breathing rate as you exercised? Do both types of exercise cause the same initial result? Describe using the graph/data. Which form of exercise took the longest to recover? By how much? Use data to support this answer. Based upon the products of both aerobic and anaerobic exercise, what roles do these products have on changing the heart rate?Why did one exercise take longer to recover than the other? Explain in terms of what you know about why breathing/heart rates change. Include systems and transport within your body to answer. Why might a student get hungry following an exercise? Explain in terms of how humans get energy. How are the digestive, respiratory, and circulatory system all related in exercise?Please hand in a FORMAL Lab Report for Evaluation. Marking scheme: See marking scheme for this activityseparate sheet. Roddie Marking Scheme:Activity 12: LABHeart/breathing rate and ExerciseHypothesis checked before doing labProcedure completed: summary of what was done2Signed data1Graphed final dataproper graphing of data4prelab: aero vs anaero: defined2prelab questions completed and accurate3Q1-2: what happened and which recovery longest2Q3-4: Complete answer with proper descriptions4Q5-6: why did they increase, and relating to systems2Communication: Correct Lab format + graph5Total Marks possible25Activity:3.2 Plants and their systemscase study Maple SyrupObjective of the Activity: Understand that plants have systems and tissues much like animals. Any large multicellular organism requires systems and tissues to work together in order to survive and have all the cells survive. Materials or Research needed: Microscope and plant tissue slides, and if doing the carnation part of it, carnations and food colouringFinal comments: NOTEthe carnation aspect is not mandatory Activity 3.2: What about plants?Guiding Questions:Do plants have organ systems? Look up the definition of an organ. How do plants absorb nutrients water? What structures are involved in absorbing and transporting these substances?How do plants produce and move sugars? What is the purpose of the sugars to the plant?What is maple syrup and where does it come from? Information Sheet: Maple SyrupSap FlowSap flow requires cool nights (below freezing) followed by warm days. In central Minnesota, sap typically flows best from mid-March to mid-April although it can flow anytime the trees are dormant from October to late April (Kramer and Kozlowski, 1960). Sap flow stops when the buds expand and the leaves develop (Marvin, 1958). Flow will also stop if the temperature is continuously above or below freezing or if the night temperatures are no longer below freezing (Kramer and Kozlowski, 1960). At night there is little sap flow. As the day warms, sap flow begins. By noon, approximately 60% of the flow has occurred and the flow begins to decline (Kramer, 1983). The temperature of the previous night appears to be one of the most important factors for flow (Marvin, 1958). Physiological Explanation for Sap FlowFirst, lets address a common misconception about sap flow. Since grade school weve learned that the xylem transports water from the roots to the aerial parts of the plant while the phloem transports sugars and other organic materials. Though true, this has lead to the erroneous idea that sucrose-rich maple sap is being removed from the phloem which is wrong. Maple sap that drips out of aspilein the tree comes from the xylem. In fact, this is the only time during the year when the fluid in the xylem is rich in sucrose and is an exception to the wisdom we garnered in grade school. The cause of maple sap flow is complex and our understanding of the process is relatively recent. Sap flow is not related to the normal process (Cohesion-Tension Theory) by which water is transported in stems during the growing season (Kozlowski Pallardy, 1997). According to thecohesion-tension model, water is essentially pulled up through a plant as it evaporates (transpiration) from leaf surfaces. Clearly this cant be important to maple sap flow since: (1) maple trees lack leaves during the time period when sap flows; and (2) the xylem in trees that are transpiring and transporting water is under a negative pressure (or tension), not a positive pressure as is measured in maple stems during sap flow. Sap flow is not related to root pressure. Plantscangenerate sizable root pressures that can play a role in water movement. In some species, like birch (Betulasp.) and grape (Vitissp.), the sap that flows from cuts or wounds in the stem in the spring is a consequence of root pressure. The root pressure increases the stem pressure which results in sap flow. However, root pressureis notresponsible for maple sap flow (Marvin, 1958; Kramer, 1983; Kozlowski Pallardy, 1997). Root pressure is absent in maple trees, even when there is stem pressure (Kozlowski Pallardy, 1997). So, if root pressure and normal water transport mechanisms are not involved, what causes sap flow? The crucial factor is apparently related to the age-old observation that sap flow requires warm days and cool nights. Stems must experience a freeze-thaw cycle for sap flow. When pieces of maple stems are given a source of water and then placed in a freeze-thaw cycle, they exhibit sap flow. During the cold period the stem p ressure decreases and the stem absorbs water (Kozlowski Pallardy, 1997). As the temperature cools, gases in the xylem dissolve and the pressure decreases. This draws water from adjacent cells which, in turn, are refilled by water absorbed from adjacent cells and ultimately from the root. As the temperature continues to drop, water freezes along the inside walls of hollow xylem cells and in the intercellular spaces. Additional ice forms as water vaporizes from surrounding cells, much like the formation of frost on a misty winter morning. When ice formation is complete, the remaining gases in the stem are compressed and locked in ice. As the temperature warms, the ice melts and the ice-compressed gases expand forcing the sap out of the stem (Tyree, 2001). This hypothesis explains why freezing and thawing temperatures are required and why sap flow is always followed by re-absorption of water (Marvin, 1958). However, it doesnt explain why sap flow requires: (1) sucrose in the sap, and (2) living cells. It is possible that both are necessary for cellular respiration that yields carbon dioxide. This gas may be the main component of the gases that undergo thermal expansion and contraction during the freeze-thaw cycle (Marvin, 1958; Kramer, 1983). The sugars in the sap are derived from carbohydrates that accumulated in the stem during the previous season (Kramer and Kozlowski, 1960). These are converted to starch when the weather becomes cool in the autumn. The starch in living ray cells is hydrolyzed to sucrose as the temperature warms in the spring. The sugary sap is then pushed into the xylem (Milburn, 1979). Why maple?Spring sap production is a relatively rare phenomenon, and occurs in the maples (genusAcer) and just a few others. So, w hat it is about maple? According to Dr. Mel Tyree (2001) the distribution of sap and gas in maple stems is the critical factor. Species like sugar maple and butternut (Juglanscinerea) that have air-filled fiber cells and water-filled vessels will exude sap.In contrast, species that do not exude sap, such as willow (Salix), aspen (Populus), elm (Ulmus), ash (Fraxinus) and oak (Quercus), have gas-filled vessels and water-filled fibers. Syrup/Sap From Other SpeciesAs mentioned above, when grapes or birches are pruned in the late spring they will exude sap. This process is not temperature dependent as is the production of sap from maple trees and is due to root pressure. Because of the amount of bleeding that can occur you should avoid pruning grape vines in the late spring. Syrup can be made from birches, and is a commercially important product in some areas. Hickory syrup isa sugarysyrup flavored by an extract of the bark of Shagbark hickory (Caryaovata). The bark is gathered, extract ed, strained and aged. To Do: Label the following diagrams of a typical stem and root. You will need to research the location of xylem and phloem in each.ONScience10, p. 64-65, 73-75. Ask your teacher for a white carnation and some food colouring. Make a fresh cut in the carnation stem and place it in coloured water. (NOTE: this is not a mandatory part of the guide. It is up to you if you choose to do this) After 2 days, record and explain your observations. Take the carnation home and give it to an important adult in your life. Activity:3.3 Fish DissectionObjective of the Activity: Learn skills of dissection with proper tools and procedures, as well as observe the intricate connections between systems and how all operate to allow fish to surviveMaterials or Research needed: Obtain dissection guide, dissection tools and fish from the dispensary. The task at hand: this is a hands on dissection. Take pictures and make a visual photo essay of what you are seeing in the dissection. This is not evaluated, rather it is a chance for you to actually understand and practice the skill of dissection. Final comments: Please ensure you dispose of your fish properly, and clean up the lab fully. Activity:3.4Culminating Cancer ProjectObjective of the Activity: Your teams goal is to determine the effectiveness of various concentrations of herbal extract and its ability to kill fast reproducing cells (simulated cancer cells). This is how many treatment and drug tests begin, a test against a simple cell to see if the potential exists for the new drug to kill cells before testing on more complex cells, such as human cells. CulminatingCancer Treatment ProjectObjective: Your teams goal is to determine the effectiveness of various concentrations of herbal extract and its ability to kill fast reproducing cells (simulated cancer cells). This is how many treatment and drug tests begin, a test against a simple cell to see if the potential exists for the new drug to kill cells before testing on more complex cells, such as human cells. Background:Yeast cells will be simulated cancer cells (eukaryotic, and fast reproducing). Yeast grows well in sugar solution very quickly and effectivelyLiving yeast cells will actively pump out Bromothymol Blue, so living cells will remain colourless or clear, while dead cells will be blue. Serial Dilutions are an easy way to observe and measure either small amounts of substance of figure out a cell count from a stock solution. Vaccines and drug protocols often use very small quantities of a drug to assess effectiveness, so creating serial dilutions is an effective way to create effective small percentagesPrior to beginning your project, please complete:Decide upon a herb/spice to use, and create a series of solution, and bring the herb in for extractionFigure out a way to get a stock concentrated solution of your herbal extract. Learn how to do serial dilutions to calculate percentages (if starting with a stock solution of a certain percentage). Practice observing and counting both alive and dead yeast cells. Complete the pre-lab questions. To Submit: A Formal Report to Westmount Pharmaceuticals, with the following sections in the report:Introduction: a brief introductory paragraph(s) outlining what the objective of the project was and why it is important to consider this report. Should use your pre-lab cancer questions to inform the readers of the report. Procedure:A description of the following methods:List all materials and quantities you needed to complete your studyHow you prepared your different herbal extractsHow you completed the testingHow you were able to measure dataResults: A graph(s) describing your results as well as a summary of what the graph supports (please note: a detailed graph and proper title needed for results)Discussion:This is a special discussion, you are to use your data to either support or refute the use of this herb as a possible chemotherapy treatment for cancer. You should outline why/why not, as well as brief descriptors as to role of chemotherapy drugs in the body. This should be a convincing (1/2 page to full page) writing to the company as to what your found and what you recommend. Appendices with:Rough data signedRough work and procedure outlinedPre-lab questions (see below). PRE-LAB Questions:What is Cancer?Why is cancer a deadly if not treated?According to Cancer.ca, what is the top Cancers for Ontarians?What is chemotherapy? And how does chemotherapy work in terms of treating cancer?What are key side effects of chemotherapy, why do these side-effects happen?What is ethnobotany? Why is ethnobotany important for drug companies? What are the dependent and independent variables here? What are you controlling in this lab?Suggested Solution Preparation: here is one that has been used if you need one to start from:Take a set amount of herb chosen (___g), and grind up into a paste using the Mortar and pestle. You may need to add a small amount of water if needed to ensure full paste is made. Add the paste to an Erlenmeyer Flask, then carefully add 25mL of water to the flask. Swirl and let sit for 10 minutes. This will be your CONCENTRATE or 100% solution. After the 10 minutes, begin making your serial dilutions. You will make a 50% solution, a 10% solution, 1% solution, 0.1%, and a 0.01% solution. Making serial dilutions is easy, all you need to remember is that it should all equal out to 10mL in the end. To dilute by a factor of 10 (going from 100 to 10) requires 1mL of concentrate to 9mL of water. This gives you 10mL of the 10% solution. To make a 1% solution, you take 1mL from the 10% and add 9mL of water. This makes a 1% solution. Making the 0.1% follows a similar format. At the end of your dilution procedure, you will have 6 different solutions. Please ensure they are labeled correctlythen you can add your sugar and yeast suspensions here.